Fig. 1

Differentiation timeline for hiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. Both differentiation pathways began from the hiPSC stage and followed the same neural induction process until the ltNES stage. Neuronal induction was accomplished in 28 days using neuronal differentiation media without extra growth factors. At day 28, the neurons expressed MAP2 (green) and synaptophysin (orange) (Scale bar: 20 μm). Astrocyte induction required specific factors that promote differentiation of ltNES cells to functional, mature astrocytes. At day 28, the astrocytes expressed S100β (red) and EAAT1 (green), while phalloidin (white) was used to stain the cytoskeleton (scale bar: 50 μm)