Fig. 7

Incubation with MSC-EVs reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNFα in hippocampal slices from hyperammonemic rats. Representative images of A IL-1β and B TNFα in CA1 region. C Content of IL-1β (n = 4–5) and D TNFα (n = 4–5) in CA1 region of hippocampus, expressed as percentage of controls. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was performed to compare all groups. Values are the mean ± SEM. Values significantly different from controls are indicated by asterisk (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01), values significantly different from HA group are indicated by a (a = p < 0.05, aa = p < 0.01, aaa = p < 0.001) and values significantly different from HA + EVs group are indicated by b (b = p < 0.05; bb = p < 0.01). Sample size of each group is indicated at the bottom of the bars