Fig. 3

SS-31 enhances autophagy after SCI. A Double-IF staining of LC3 and NeuN in the spinal cords of the Sham, SCI, and SCI + SS-31 groups (scale bar = 25 μm). B Number of LC3 II puncta in each neuron on the right. C Double-IF staining of p62 and NeuN in the spinal cords of the indicated groups (scale bar = 25 μm). D Quantified p62 IF data are presented on the right. E mRNA level of the Sqstm1 gene in the impaired spinal cord of the Sham, Sham + SS-31, SCI, SCI + SS-31 groups at 3 dpi. F WB for VPS34, Beclin-1, p62, LC3 IIATP6V1B2 and LAMP1 expression levels in the Sham, SCI, and SCI + SS-31 groups. GAPDH was utilized as a loading control. The gels were run under the same experimental conditions, and the cropped blots are shown here. G The optical density values of VPS34, Beclin-1, p62, LC3 II, ATP6V1B2 and LAMP1 were quantified and analysed in each group. The data are shown as the mean ± SEM. N = 5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. ns indicates no significance