Fig. 3

Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides inhibited inflammatory factor release and mitochondrial damage in astrocytes. A Astrocytic morphology was identified by light microscopy and fluorescent staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein. B Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels in astrocyte supernatants. Intracellular (C) and mitochondrial (D) reactive oxygen species levels were assessed using the DCFDA probe and MitoSOX probe. E Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using the JC-1 probe. F Screening of differentially expressed mitochondrial kinetic molecules by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. G Relative expression of Mfn2 was determined by western blotting. Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test