Fig. 5

Opposing effects of β-1 and β-2 AR signaling in microglia activation after hα-SYN overexpression. Coronal sections of the SN showing A CD16/32 and B TMEM119 staining and C their respective quantifications indicating fluorescence intensity fold change relative to saline-treated WT mice 4 weeks after rAAV2–hα-SYN injection in clenbuterol and xamoterol treated WT mice. D Confocal images of the SN showing TMEM119 (red), TH (white) and CD16/32 (green) staining 4 weeks after rAAV2–hα-SYN injection in WT mice treated with saline, clenbuterol or xamoterol daily. Arrows indicate TMEM119 and CD16/32 colocalization. Confocal images are shown as maximum intensity projections. Data are shown as mean values ± SEM, each dot represents one mouse, NS: not significant, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. Scale bar = A, B 500 µm, D 20 µm