Fig. 2
From: Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer’s disease
The pathogenesis and process of neuroinflammation in AD. After damaged signals (DAMPs and PAMPs) invade the brain, microglia become pro-inflammatory cells and secrete inflammatory factors to clear these signals. Subsequently, anti-inflammatory microglia emerge and secrete anti-inflammatory factors to counteract inflammatory factors. Damage signals in AD cannot be entirely cleared by microglia, so pro-inflammatory microglia keep secreting inflammatory factors to damage neurons. Inflammatory factors continuously intensify the phosphorylation of Tau protein and the formation of NFTs, which are the major substances of damaged signals in AD, finally forming a vicious circle