Fig. 7

Analysis of NF-κB, AKT–GSK3β, AMPK and MAPK signaling pathways in mixed glial cells treated with neuroinflammatory stimuli. (A, B Phosphorylation of NF-κB P65 protein in mixed glial cells detected by immunoblotting 24 h after 250 ng/mL LPS stimulation. C–J After treatment with 250 ng/mL LPS for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, the protein levels of p- IKKα/β (C, D), p-AKT (C, E), p- AMPK (C, F), p- GSK3β (C, G), p-ERK1/2 (C, H), p-JNK (C, I) and p-p38 (C, J) detected by immunoblotting. n = 6. K–T After treatment with 1 mM MPP⁺ for 24 h, the protein levels of p-P65 (K, L), p-IKKα/β (K, M), p-AKT (K, N), p-GSK-3β (K, O), NRF2 (K, P), p-AMPK (K, Q), p-ERK1/2 (K, R), p-JNK (K, S) and p–p38 (K, T) were detected by Immunoblotting analysis. n = 3–6. All data were presented as the means ± SEM. * or ^#p < 0.05, ** or ^##p < 0.01, *** or ^###p < 0.001