Table 1 Overview of included studies; demographic and subject characteristics

Aly 2022 [56]

McDonald 2017

–

EDSS, HCVA, LCVA

RRMS

21 (41 eyes)

24

38 ± 11.4

68 ± 49 months

–

90

–

1.4 ± 1.2

RTVue XR Avanti

MSON

15 eyes

MSNON

26 eyes

HC

42 eyes

24

42 ± 9.5

Ava 2022 [55]

McDonald 2010

–

–

MS

41 (82 eyes)

34.1

38 ± 6.4

–

0.8 ± 0.24

–

–

RTVue XR Avanti

HC

26 (51 eyes)

42.4

36 ± 3.4

1.0 ± 0.0

Jesus 2021 [51]

McDonald 2017

Chart documentation

EDSS

RRMS

45 (45 eyes)

68.88

41.87 ± 11.4

–

–

100

–

Heidelberg Spectralis OCTA

MSON

19 (19 eyes)

100

MSNON

26 (26 eyes)

100

HC

45 (45 eyes)

73.33

39.36 ± 8.93

Khader 2021 [36]

McDonald 2017

Chart documentation

–

MSON

10 eyes

31.7 ± 6.395

4.9 ± 2.846

0.978 ± 0.472

–

–

Zeiss Cirrus 4000

MSNON

10 eyes

30 ± 5.207

3.7 ± 1.636

0.366 ± 0.133

HC

10 eyes

30 ± 2.981

Lee 2021 [50]

McDonald 2017

–

–

MS

23 (36 eyes)

21.73

38

35 months

0.06 ± 0.28

–

–

Topcon DRI OCT Triton

HC

36 (36 eyes)

36.11

42

0.00 ± 0.01

Rogaczewska 2021 [43]

McDonald 2017

–

–

RRMS

40 (75eyes)

20

35.15 ± 7.47

8 (3–32)

0.00 (0.00–0.20)

–

–

–

RTVue XR Avanti

MSON

30 eyes

MSNON

45 eyes

HC

20

15

37.9 ± 11.47

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

Liu 2021 [29]

McDonald 2017

Chart documentation

–

MS

83 (146 eyes)

33

31 (27; 38)

5 (2; 9.45)

0.30 (0.07; 0.54)

72.28

–

–

Zeiss Cirrus 5000

MSON

76 eyes

MSNON

70 eyes

HC

34

41

27 (24; 29)

Yilmaz 2020 [45]

McDonald 2010

–

–

RRMS

47

17

38.29 ± 8.71

8.14 ± 4.19

0.02 ± 0.007

100

–

–

Nidek Advance RS-3000

MSON

35 eyes

MSNON

59 eyes

HC

61

20

38.62 ± 11.51

0.00 ± 0.00

Ulusoy 2020 [47]

McDonald 2010

–

MMSE; DSM-IV

RRMS

20

35

43.8 ± 12.8

9.53 ± 6.2

–

–

12.1 ± 2.4

2.29 ± 0.93

RTVue XR Avanti

MSON

26 eyes

MSNON

14 eyes

HC

24

37.5

41.42 ± 10.81

13.5 ± 2.5

Murphy 2020 [22]

McDonald 2010

–

MSFC; Processing speed test

MS

94 (159 eyes)

20

39.9 ± 10.6

10 (3–16)

–

100

–

1.5 (1.5–2)

Heidelberg Spectralis OCTA

MSON

71 eyes

MSNON

88 eyes

HC

39 (71 eyes)

44

32.4 ± 11.2

Murphy 2020 [49]

McDonald 2017

Chart documentation

–

RRMS

57

–

–

–

–

Heidelberg Spectralis OCTA

MSON

43 (184 eyes)

16

33.7 ± 9.3

4.5 ± 6.2

MSNON

14 (48 eyes)

22

44.4 ± 7.7

14.9 ± 4.8

Jiang 2020 [57]

McDonald 2010

Chart documentation

MMSE

RRMS

80 (159 eyes)

18.75

40.4 ± 10.4

8.1 ± 7

–

100

–

2.2 ± 1.8

Zeiss Cirrus 5000

MSON

32 (36 eyes)

MSNON

48 (123eyes)

HC

99 (198 eyes)

31.31

38.6 ± 13.8

Farci 2020 [52]

–

Chart documentation

–

MS

48 (91 eyes)

13.2

–

–

–

70

–

–

RTVue XR Avanti

MSON

65 eyes

MSNON

26 eyes

HC

23 (29 eyes)

65.5

Cordon 2020 [53]

McDonald 2010

–

MMSE, MSQoL-54

RRMS

92 eyes

13

41.7 ± 12.11

–

0.04 ± 0.08

–

15.37 ± 2.04

2.02 ± 1.43

Topcon DRI OCT Triton

MSON

20 eyes

MSNON

72 eyes

HC

149 eyes

13.4

41.81 ± 18.36

0.05 ± 0.07

15.15 ± 1.57

Cennamo 2020 [54]

McDonald 2017

–

EDSS

RRMS

10 (20 eyes)

30

29.7 ± 6.3

4 ± 1.3

–

–

2.3 ± 0.57

RTVue XR Avanti

HC

15 (30 eyes)

33.33

28.2 ± 8.6

Spain 2018 [48]

McDonald 2010

–

EDMUS scale

MS

45 (68 eyes)

31

45 ± 11

14 ± 10

0.04 ± 0.13

–

14 ± 2.9

–

Prototype Axsun SS-OCT

MSON

20 (25 eyes)

25

41 ± 10

15 ± 10

0.03 ± 0.16

MSNON

25 (43 eyes)

36

49 ± 12

13 ± 9

0.04 ± 0.11

HC

32 (55 eyes)

16

41 ± 12

− 0.05 ± 0.10

15 ± 2.6

Lanzillo 2018 [31]

McDonald 2010

Chart documentation

MSSS, EDSS

MS

50 (100 eyes)

38

40.64 ± 12.45

11.06 ± 7.19

0.10 ± 0.23

96

–

3.50 ± 1.28

RTVue XR Avanti

MSON

23 eyes

12.54 ± 7.16

0.16 ± 0.26

3.60 ± 1.27

MSNON

77 eyes

10.62 ± 7.19

0.08 ± 0.21

3.46 ± 1.28

HC

46 (92 eyes)

48

43.33 ± 12.86

0.02 ± 0.05

Wang 2014 [46]

McDonald 2005

Chart documentation

EDSS, EDMUS scale

MS

35 (52 eyes)

–

40 ± 8.9

17 ± 10.4

0.01 ± 0.1

–

14 ± 2.2

3.2 ± 1.9

Prototype Axsun SS-OCT

MSON

10 (14 eyes)

47 ± 12.7

12 ± 8.4

0.04 ± 0.1

15 ± 3.1

3.8 ± 1.7

MSNON

25 (38 eyes)

50 ± 9.6

0.01 ± 0.1

15 ± 2.3

HC

21 (21 eyes)