Fig. 1

HIV-1 gp120 expression induces progressive neuropathology. A Latency and B distance to locate the submerged platform during 5 training days in the MWM test (n = 12 mice per group, F_{1, 22} = 18.09, P = 0.0003; F_{1, 22} = 58.60, P < 0.0001, respectively). C Searching strategies for the removed platform in the probe trial. Black dots depict the initial position, and white dots represent the final position. D Time spent in the target quadrant in the retrieval test (F_{1, 8} = 0.0307, P = 0.08653). E Representative performance of mice during the open field test. Red dots reflect the starting position, and green dots depict the ending position (n = 12 mice per group). F Bars show the distance traveled in the central zone (t = 4.413, P = 0.0002). G H&E staining shows the histology of the hippocampus (scale bar: 100 μm, n = 3 mice per group). H Quantification of MAP-2, NeuN, and Synaptophysin protein levels in the hippocampus (n = 4 mice per group, F_3,12 = 2.751, P = 0.0888; F_3,12 = 1.967, P = 0.1727; and F_{3, 12} = 2.745, P = 0.0892, respectively). In A–F, data are presented as mean ± SEM. In A–D, data are analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc tests. In F, data are analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test, two-tailed. In H, data are analyzed by One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to WT mice