Fig. 2

HIV-1 gp120 expression induces progressive A1 astrocyte activation in mice. A Immunofluorescence staining against GFAP (red) and C3 (green) in the whole brain sections (scale bar: 1000 μm, n = 5 mice per group, F_{3, 16} = 147.9, P < 0.0001; F_{3, 16} = 10.43, P = 0.0005, respectively). B GFAP and C3 protein levels in the hippocampus of WT and gp120tg mice (n = 4 mice per group, F_3,12 = 10.89, P = 0.001; F_{3, 12} = 3.228, P = 0.0609, respectively). The mRNA expression profiles of A1-specific genes (C) and cytokines (D) in the hippocampus of mice (n = 5 mice per group). In A, B, D, data are presented as mean ± SEM. In C, values are shown in the box and whisker plot, where the line in the box corresponds to the median. Data are determined by One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to WT mice. ^$P < 0.05, ^$$P < 0.01, ^$$$P < 0.001 compared to 6-month-old gp120tg mice