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Fig. 4 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 4

From: Kynurenic acid blunts A1 astrocyte activation against neurodegeneration in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

Fig. 4

KYNA blunts the gp120-induced A1 astrocyte activation. A Double immunofluorescence images showing the expression of GFAP (red), C3 (green), and nucleus (blue) in primary astrocytes (scale bar: 50 μm, F3, 16 = 49.84, P < 0.0001). B Quantification of GFAP and C3 protein levels by Western blot (F3, 16 = 3.734, P < 0.033; F3, 16 = 11.56, P = 0.0003). C Relative gene expression of A1 phenotype in primary astrocytes. D Quantification of Il-1β, Il-6, and Tnf-α levels in cultured supernatant. In A, B, D, data are presented as mean ± SEM. In C, values are shown in the box and whisker plot, where the line in the box corresponds to the median. Throughout, P values are calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons with n = 5 cultures per group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to control groups. $P < 0.05, $$P < 0.01, $$$P < 0.001 compared to 150 pM HIV-1 gp120 treated group

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