Reference Country | Study design | Species Strain | Sex | Age (weeks) | Weight (g) | Disease model | Outcome measurement locations, side (if applicable) | Control group (n) | Intervention group (n) | Exercise start (dpi) | Length exercise program | Session duration | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Almeida C 2015 [44] Brazil | RCT | Mice BALB/c | M | NR | 23.5 ± 0.24 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Spinal cord dorsal horn L4–L6, ipsilateral • DRG L4 and L5, ipsilateral | SED (n = NR) | SE (n = 8) | 7 | 5 weeks | Increasing from 10 min up to 50 min | NA |
Arbat-Plana A 2015 [21] Spain | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | 8 | 250–300 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord segments L3–L6 (motoneuron pools), ipsilateral. For one outcome bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 16) | IG1: TR High intensity (n = 8) | 3 | 5 days | Increasing: up to 60 min | Increasing: 10 cm/s up to 30 cm/sec |
IG2: TR Low intensity (n = 8) | 3 | 2 weeks | 2 × 30 min, 10 min rest | 10 cm/s | |||||||||
Arbat-Plana A 2017A [26] Spain | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | 8 | 250–300 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord segments L3–L6 (motoneuron pools), ipsilateral. For one outcome bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 4) | IG1: TR High intensity (n = 4) | 3 | 1.5 weeks | Increasing up to 60 min | 10 cm/s, every 5 min + 2 cm/s to 30 cm/sec |
IG2: TR Low intensity (n = 4) | 3 | 2 × 30 min, 10 min rest | 10 cm/s | ||||||||||
IG3: VWR (n = 12) | 0 | voluntary | voluntary | ||||||||||
Arbat-Plana A 2017B [27] Spain | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | 8 | 180–200 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord section L4–5, Bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 11) | TR (n = 11) | 3 | 1.5 weeks | Increasing up to 60 min | 10 cm/s, every 5 min + 2 cm/s until 30 cm/sec |
Arbat-Plana A 2019 [32] Spain | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | 8 | 200–280 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord segments L3–L6, (motoneuron pools), ipsilateral. For one outcome bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 9) | TR (n = 9) | 3 | 12 days | 60 min | 10 cm/s, every 5 min + 2 cm/s until 30 cm/sec |
Ashour H 2017 [46] Egypt | RCT | Rats Albino | M | Adult, age unspecified | 120–150 | SNI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Serum • Fascia surrounding nerve bifurcation, ipsilateral • Gastrocnemius muscle, ipsilateral • Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | SE (n = 8) | NR | 5 days | Increasing from 20 up to 90 min | NA |
Bobinski F 2011 [54] Brazil | ECT | Mice Swiss | M | 8–9 | 25–35 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Lumbar spinal cord (L1–L6), side not specified • Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 3 | 2 weeks | 30 min | 10 m/min, 0% inclination |
Bobinski F 2015 [55] Brazil and USA | ECT | Mice Swiss | M | 8–9 | 25–35 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Brainstem / Raphe Pallidus (RPa) / Raphe Magnus (RMg) / Raphe Obscurus (ROb) | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 3 | 2 weeks | 30 min | 10 m/min, 0% inclination |
Bobinski F 2018 [49] Brazil and USA | ECT | Mice Swiss  +  Balb/cJ wild type | M | NR | 20–30 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn L1–L6 (specifically in laminae I–II and III–VI for some analyses), bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) • Whole lumbar portion of the spinal cord L1–L6 for some analyses, side not specified • Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 3 | 2 weeks | 30 min | 10 m/min, 0% inclination |
Bonetti L 2016 [23] Brazil | RCT | Rats Wistar | M | 12 | 280–330 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn L4–L6, laminae II–IV, ipsilateral | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 2 | 5 weeks | Increase: 20 up to 60 min | 5 min 30% MET (5.5 m/min), 10–50 min 45–55% of MET (9 m/min), 5 min 30% MET |
Byun Y 2005 [38] South Korea | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 6 | 200 ± 10 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 3 | 12 days | 30 min | 8 m/min, 0% incline |
Chen YW 2012 [29] Taiwan | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | NR | 250–300 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 5) | IG1: SE (n = 5) | 2 | 39 days | 90 min | From 9 × 10 min to 1 × 90 min |
IG2: TR (n = 5) | 2 | 6 weeks | Increasing from 15–30 min to 60 min | 1st week 1.2 km/h, then 1.8 km/h | |||||||||
Cobianchi S 2013 [24] Spain | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | Adult, age unspecified | 240 ± 30 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Spinal cord ventral horn, ipsilateral • DRG L4–L5, ipsilateral | SED (n = 15) | TR (n = 8) | 3 | 5 days | 60 min | Increasing: 10 cm/s up to 32 cm/s |
Coradini JG 2015 [33] Brazil | RCT | Rats Wistar | M | 10.4 | NR | CCIb Median nerve, unilateral | Median nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | SE (n = 8) | 3 | 3 weeks | Increasing from 20 min up to 40 min | Overload of 10% body weight while swimming |
Farzad B 2018 [34] Iran | RCT | Rats Wistar | M | Adult, age unspecified | 180–220 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord segments L4–L6, ipsilateral | SED (n = 7) | SE (n = 7) | 3 | 4 weeks | Increasing duration from bouts of 10 min up | NA |
Huang PC 2017 [28] Taiwan | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | NR | 220–270 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Sciatic nerve, side not specified | SED (n = 22) | TR (n = 22) | 8 | 3 weeks | 30 min | 14–16 m/min, 8% incline |
Hung CH 2016 [36] Taiwan | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | NR | 220–270 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Spinal cords L4–L5, side not specified • Spinal cords dorsal horn L4–L5, ipsilateral | SED (n = 10) | TR (n = 10) | 3 | 4 weeks | 30 min | 14 -16 m/min, 8% incline |
Kami K 2016A [20] Japan | ECT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M | 10 | NR | PSL Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Brain, lVTA,, bilateral (contralateral data extracted) | SED (n = 5) | VWR (n = 5) | NR | 15 days | voluntary | voluntary |
Kami K 2016B [30] Japan | ECT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M | 12 | NR | PSL Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn L4–5, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 2 | 5 days | 60 min | 7 m/min |
Kami K 2016C [31] Japan | ECT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M | 13 | NR | PSL Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn L4–5, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 2 | 5 days | 60 min | 7 m/min |
Kim JE 2020 [37] Korea | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 6 | 160 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | CG1: SED 7 days (n = 10) | IG1: TR 7 days (n = 10) | 3 | 1 week | 20 min | 8 m/min |
CG2: SED 14 days (n = 10) | IG2: TR 14 days (n = 10) | 3 | 2 weeks | 20 min | 8 m/min | ||||||||
Kim S 2013 [35] Korea | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 4 | NR | Nerve transection Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Serum • Liver • Gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles, side unspecified | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 7 | 4 weeks | 25–30 min | 15 m/min, 3–5% inclination |
Kim YJ 2015 [25] Korea | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 10 | 250–300 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Rostral ventral medulla • Lumbar spinal cords (2 cm long), side unspecified | SED (n = 11) | TR (n = 11) | NR | 4 weeks | 40 min Warm-up 5 min; Main exercise 30 min; Cool-down: 5 min | 8 m/min for 5 min, 11 m/min for 5 min, 22 m/min for 20 min |
Korb A 2010 [41] Brazil | RCT | Rats Wistar | M | 16 | 200–250 | Nerve transection Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Magnus raphe nucleus • Dorsal raphe nucleus • Lumbosacral ventral horn of spinal cord, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) • Lumbosacral spinal cord dorsal horn, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 5) | TR (n = 5) | 7 | 4 weeks | 20–60 min | 30% of MET (5 min 5,5 m/min), 45–55% of MET (10-50 min at ~ 9 m/min), 30% of MET (5 min at 5,5 m/min) |
Krakowiak J 2015 [53] USA | ECT | Mice C57BL/6 J wild type | F |  > 8 | NR | Nerve transection Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord segments L3–L6, (motoneurons), ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 9) | 3 | 2 weeks | 28 min | 20 m/min, 4 × 2 min/5 min rest |
Liao CF 2017 [42] Taiwan | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 9 | 201–225 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord L4, ipsilateral | SED (n = 10) | IG1: SE10 (n = 10) | 7 | 3 weeks | 10 min | NA |
IG2: SE20 (n = 10) | 7 | 3 weeks | 20 min | NA | |||||||||
IG2: SE30 (n = 10) | 7 | 3 weeks | 30 min | NA | |||||||||
Liu C 2014 [57] China and USA | RCT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M + F |  > 2 months | 18–32 | Nerve transection Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Spinal cord segments L3–L5, (motoneurons), ipsilateral | CG1: SED Male (n = 4) | IG1: TR Male Continuous (n = 4) | 3 | 2 weeks | 60 min | 10 m /min |
CG2: SED Female (n = 4) | IG2: TR Female Continuous (n = 4) | 3 | 2 weeks | 60 min | 10 m /min | ||||||||
CG1: SED Male (n = 4) | IG3: TR Male Interval (n = 4) | 3 | 2 weeks | 28 min: 4 × 2 min + 5 min rest | 20 m / min | ||||||||
CG2: SED Female (n = 4) | IG4: TR Female Interval (n = 4) | 3 | 2 weeks | 28 min: 4 × 2 min + 5 min rest | 20 m / min | ||||||||
Lopes BC 2020 [58] Brazil | ECT | Rats Wistar | M | 8 | 280 ± 20 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Cerebral cortex • Brainstem • Spinal cord, level and side unspecified | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 15 | 8 days | 20 min | 70% VO2max, 0° incline |
Lopez-Alvarez VM 2015 [40] Spain | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | Adult, age unspecified | 240 ± 30 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Epidermal and subepidermal nerve fibers from footpad mid-plan skin sections, hind paws, ipsilateral. For 1 outcome bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) • Spinal cord segments L3–6, for some outcome bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) • Spinal cord dorsal horn L3 and L5, ipsilateral • Dorsal Root Ganglion L3–L6, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) • For one outcome Dorsal Root Ganglion L3, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | IG1: TR1 (n = 8) | 3 | 5 days (day 3–7) | 60 min | 10 cm/s, + 2 cm/s every 5 min until 32 cm/s |
IG2: TR2 (n = 7) | 3 | 5 days (day 10–14) | 60 min | ||||||||||
Lopez-Alvarez VM 2018 [51] Spain | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | F | Adult, age unspecified | 240 ± 30 | Nerve transectiona Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Brain, projection areas of injured side • Lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn segments L4–L5, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 10) | 3 | 12 days | 60 min | 10 cm/s, + 2 cm/s every 5 min until 32 cm/s |
Martins DF 2018 [50] Brazil | ECT | Mice Swiss | M | 8 | 25–30 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral • Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, side not specified | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 7 | 8 weeks | 30 min | 14 m/min, − 16° slope (downhill running) |
Park JS 2014 [59] USA | RCT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M | 6–8 | 20–30 | Nerve transectiona Median and ulnar nerves, unilateral | • Median nerve, ipsilateral • Forearm extrinsic finger flexor muscles, side unspecified • Serum | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 4 | 6 weeks | 60 min | 10 m /min, 0° incline, 5 min warm up and cooldown at 6 m/min |
Safakhah HA 2017 [45] Iran | RCT | Rats Wistar | M | Adult, age unspecified | 220 ± 20 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Cerebrospinal fluid from cisterna magna • Serum | SED (n = 6–9) | TR (n = 6–9) | 4 | 3 weeks | 30 min | 16 m/min |
Sartini S 2013 [52] Italy | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 6 | 150–200 | Nerve crush injury Soleus nerve, unilateral | Soleus muscle, ipsilateral | SED (n = 5) | TR (n = 5) | 4 | Outcome 10 dpi: 7 days 40 dpi: 37 days | 30 min, twice per day | 5 min on, 5 min off, on periods were 4 min increase from 0–27 m/min and 1 min at 27 m/min |
Sheahan TD 2015 [39] USA | ECT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M | 7–10 | 21–24.6 | SNI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Center hindpaw Intraepidermal nerve fiber density, ipsilateral | CG1: SED 2 h/night (n = 7) | IG1: VWR 2 h/night (n = 8) | 8–10 | 6 days | 2 h/night | Voluntary |
CG2: SED 12 h/night (n = 5) | IG2: VWR 12 h/night (n = 7) | 8–10 | 6 days | 12 h/night | Voluntary | ||||||||
Sumizono M 2018 [56] Japan | RCT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 8 | 274.3 ± 21.2 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | • Periaqueductal gray • Lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn segments, ipsilateral | SED (n = 25) | IG1: TR1 High frequency (n = 27) | 1 or 2 | 5 weeks | 30 min | TR1: 5 day per week 20 m/min |
IG2: TR2 Low frequency (n = 10) | 1 or 2 | 5 weeks | 30 min | TR2: 3 day per week 20 m/min | |||||||||
Taguchi S 2015 [48] Japan | ECT | Mice C57BL/6 J | M | 12 | NR | PSL Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 8) | TR (n = 8) | 2 | 5 days | 60 min | 7 m/min |
Tsai KL 2017 [47] Taiwan | ECT | Rats Sprague–Dawley | M | 8–9 | 285–335 | CCI Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Sciatic nerve, ipsilateral | SED (n = 6) | IG1: TR0% (n = 6) | 6 | 3 weeks | 30 min | 14–16 m/min, 0% incline |
IG2: TR8% (n = 6) | 6 | 3 weeks | 30 min | 14–16 m/min, 8% incline | |||||||||
Wang Y 2016 [43] China | RCT | Rabbits New Zealand white | M | 11–12 | 1780 ± 120 | Nerve crush injury Sciatic nerve, unilateral | Tibia, cortical bone from the tibial shaft, ipsilateral | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 3 | 4 weeks | 20 min | Day 1–3: 10 m/min, day 4–6: 15 m/min, 7 days + : 20 m/min |
Yamaoka S [22] Japan | RCT | Rats Wistar | F | 6–8 | NR | Spinal nerve ligation L5, unilateral | Spinal cord dorsal horn, resected Th11, bilateral (ipsilateral data extracted) | SED (n = 6) | TR (n = 6) | 1 | NR | 10 min | Increasing: 10 m/min up to 20 m/min |