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Table 2 Overview all neuroimmune responses

From: The effects of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses in animals with traumatic peripheral nerve injury: a systematic review with meta-analyses

 

Number of original studies (N)

Total number of comparisons (N)

Pooled SMD (if applicable)

Favors

Neuroinflammation markers

Brainstem

    

 1.1.1 Microglia

(Iba1)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C1)

 

Dorsal horn

    

 1.2.1 Microglia

(Iba1 or CD−11b+)

6

13

− 1.34 [− 1.99, − 0.68]

EXP

 1.2.2 BDNF + Iba1

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C1)

 

 1.2.3 Astrocytes

(GFAP)

3

7

− 1.40 [− 2.39, − 0.41]

EXP

 1.2.4 HDAC + nuclei

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C1)

 

Ventral horn

(Motoneurons)

    

 1.3.1 Microgliaa

(Iba1)

2

6

− 1.62 [− 3.70, 0.45]

NS

 1.3.2 Astrocytesa

(GFAP)

2

6

7.50 [3.33, 11.68]

EXP

Dorsal root ganglion

    

 1.4.1 Astrocytes

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C1)

 

Macrophages

    

Spinal cord (unspecified)

    

 2.1.1 Macrophage density

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C2)

 

Nerve

    

 2.2.1 Number of macrophages

(F4/80)

2

2

− 0.38 [− 1.85, 1.09]

NS

 2.2.2 Number of CD68 + macrophages

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C2)

 

 2.2.3 Number of CD206 + macrophages

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C2)

 

 2.2.4. Relative proportion M1 Macrophagesb

(% of total macrophages)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C2)

 

 2.2.5. Relative proportion M2 Macrophagesb

(% of total macrophages)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C2)

 

 2.2.6. Relative proportion Intermediate Macrophagesb

(% of total macrophages)

1

0

N.A

 

Neurotrophins

    

Brain

    

 A) Cerebral cortex

 3.1.1 BDNF

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 B) Brainstem

 3.2.1 BDNF

2

3

0.49 [− 0.13, 1.11]

NS

Spinal cord (unspecified)

    

 3.3.1 BDNF

2

3

− 0.99 [− 1.69, − 0.29]

EXP

 3.3.4 β-NGF

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

Dorsal horn

    

 3.4.1 BDNF

1

5

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.4.3 NT3

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

Ventral horn

    

 3.5.1 BDNF mRNA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.5.2 NT3 mRNA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.5.3 NGF mRNA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.5.4 GDNF mRNA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.5.5 TrkB receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.5.6 TrkC receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.5.7 p-AKT/AKT

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

Dorsal root ganglion

    

 3.6.1 BDNF / BDNF mRNA

2

2

− 1.01 [− 1.70, − 0.31]

EXP

 3.6.2 NGF / NGF mRNA

3

4

− 0.64 [− 1.29, 0.00]

EXP

 3.6.3 GDNF / GDNF mRNA

2

2

− 1.30 [− 3.30, 0.69]

NS

 3.6.4 NT3 mRNA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

Nerve

    

 3.7.1 BDNF / BDNF mRNA

3

3

0.21 [− 1.38, 1.81]

NS

 3.7.2 GDNF

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.7.3 IGF-1

2

2

1.72 [0.87, 2.57]

EXP

Blood/serum

    

 3.8.1 BDNFc

1

0

N.A

 

 3.8.2 GDNF

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.8.3 IGF-1

2

2

3.35 [− 2.59, 9.28]

NS

Muscle

    

 3.9.1 BDNF

2

3

3.12 [2.00, 4.24]

EXP

 3.9.2 GDNF

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.9.3 IGF-1 / IGF-1 mRNAd

3

3

0.97 [− 1.27, 3.22]

NS

 3.9.4 TrkB kinase

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

 3.9.5 p-TrkB receptors

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

Liver

    

 3.10.1 IGF-1 mRNA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C3)

 

Cytokines

    

Cerebral cortex

    

 4.1.1 IL-1β

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.1.2 IL-4

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Brainstem

    

 4.2.1 TNF-α

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.2.2 IL-1β

2

3

0.24 [− 1.43, 1.91]

NS

 4.2.3 IL-4

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Spinal cord (unspecified)

    

 4.3.1 TNF-α

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.3.2 IL-1β

2

3

− 0.54 [− 1.18, 0.10]

NS

 4.3.4 IL-4

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.3.6 IL-6

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.3.7 IL-6 receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.3.8 IL-10

2

3

0.60 [− 0.39, 1.60]

NS

 4.3.9 Irisin

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Dorsal horn

    

 4.4.1 IL-1 receptor antagonist

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.4.2 IL-4

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.4.3 IL-5

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.4.4 IL-6

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Nerve

    

 4.5.1 TNF-α

5

10

-1.10 [− 1.81, − 0.39]

EXP

 4.5.2 IL-1β

3

4

− 0.89 [− 1.98, 0.21]

NS

 4.5.3 IL-1 receptor antagonist

2

2

0.64 [− 0.70, 1.99]

NS

4.5.4 IL-4

2

2

0.54 [− 0.62, 1.69]

NS

 4.5.5 IL-5

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.5.6 IL-6

4

8

− 0.42 [− 1.78, 0.93]

NS

 4.5.7 IL-6 receptor

2

2

1.36 [− 3.16, 5.88]

NS

 4.5.8 STAT3

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.5.9 IL-10

3

7

0.40 [− 0.54, 1.35]

NS

Blood/serum

    

 4.6.1 IL-6

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Muscle

    

 4.7.1 TNF-α

2

2

− 1.06 [− 2.12, − 0.01]

EXP

 4.7.2 IL-1β

2

2

− 0.57 [− 1.52, 0.39]

NS

 4.7.3 IL-1ra

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.7.4 IL-4

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

 4.7.5 IL-6

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Cerebrospinal fluid

    

 4.8.1 TNF-α

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C4)

 

Neurotransmitters

    

(nor)adrenergic

    

 Brainstem

    

  5.1.1 α1a receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C5)

 

  5.1.2 β2 receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C5)

 

 Dorsal horn

    

  5.2.1 α1a receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C5)

 

  5.2.2 β2 receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C5)

 

Serotonin

    

 Brainstem

    

  6.1.1 5-HT (unspecified)e

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.2 5-HT 1A receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.3 5-HT 1B receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.4 5-HT 2A receptor/receptor mRNA

2

2

1.25 [0.49, 2.01]

EXP

  6.1.5 5-HT 2C receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.6 5-HT 3A receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.7 5-HT 7 receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.8 SERT (serotonin transporter)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.1.9 Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

 Dorsal horn

    

  6.2.1 5-HT receptor (unspecified)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

  6.2.2 5-HT 2A receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

 Ventral horn

    

  6.3.1 5-HT receptor (unspecified)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C6)

 

GABA

    

 SPINAL CORD (unspecified)

    

  7.1.1 GAD65

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C7)

 

 Dorsal horn

    

  7.2.1 GABA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C7)

 

  7.2.2 GABA + /NeuN + neurons

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C7)

 

  7.2.4 GAD65/67 (no distinction)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C7)

 

  7.2.6 Rnf34

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C7)

 

 Ventral horn

    

  7.1.5 GAD67

2

5

0.88 [-0.38, 2.13]

NS

Dopamine

    

 Brainstem

    

  8.1.1 TH immunoreactivity

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C8)

 

Purine

    

 Spinal cord (unspecified)

    

  9.1.1 P2X3 (ATP receptor)

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C9)

 

Opioid system

    

 Brainstem

    

  10.1.1 μ-opioid receptor

1

1

N.A. (SEE Additional file 3 C10)

 

  10.1.2 β-endorphin

1

5

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C10)

 

 Spinal cord (unspecified)

    

  10.2.1 μ-opioid receptor

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C10)

 

 Dorsal horn

    

  10.3.1 μ-opioid receptor

1

5

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C10)

 

Neuropeptides

    

Dorsal horn

    

 11.1.1 CGRP

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C11)

 

 11.1.2 PACAP mRNA

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C11)

 

Bone

    

 11.4.1 Substance P

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C11)

 

(Sub)epidermis

    

 11.5.1 Intraepidermal nerve fiber density

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C11)

 

 11.5.2 CGRP

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C11)

 

 11.5.4 PGP

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C11)

 

Synaptic stripping

    

Dorsal horn

    

 12.1.1 Synaptophysin

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C12)

 

Ventral horn (motoneurons)

    

 12.2.1 Synaptophysine,f

3

10

2.05 [1.32, 2.77]

EXP

 12.2.2 Vglut1e,f

5

15

1.38 [0.62, 2.15]

EXP

 12.2.3 Gephyrin

1

4

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C12)

 

 12.2.4 Perineuronal Netse

3

10

0.39 [− 0.31, 1.09]

NS

 12.2.5 VGat1e

2

6

− 2.99 [− 4.72, − 1.26]

EXP

 C-Boutons

1

5

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C12)

 

Other

    

Potassium-chloride cotransporters (KCC)

    

 Dorsal horn

    

  13.1.1 KCC2e

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C13)

 

  13.1.2 pKCC2

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C13)

 

 Dorsal root ganglion

    

  13.2.1 NKCC1

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C13)

 

  13.2.2 pNKCC1

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C13)

 

MAPK signaling pathway

    

 Nerve

    

  14.1.1 p-ERK1/2

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C14)

 

  14.1.2 p-38MAPK

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C14)

 

  14.1.3 c-Jun N-terminated kinase (JNK)

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C14)

 

  14.1.4 p–c-Jun

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C14)

 

  14.1.5 ATF3

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C14)

 

GAP43

    

 Dorsal root ganglion

    

  15.1.1 CGRP + GAP43

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C15)

 

 Nerve

    

  15.2.1 GAP43

2

3

0.76 [0.17, 1.35]

EXP

 (Sub)epidermis

    

  15.3.1 CGRP + GAP43g

1

3

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C15)

 

CREB

    

 Brainstem

    

  16.1.1 p-CREB

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C16)

 

  15.1.2 p-CREB/TH + 

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C16)

 

 Dorsal horn

    

  16.2.1 p-CREB

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C16)

 

  16.2.2 total CREB

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C16)

 

 Nerve

    

  16.3.1 p-CREB

1

2

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C16)

 

Oxidative stress

    

 Serum

    

  17.2.1 FRAP

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C17)

 

  17.2.2 MDA

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C17)

 

PLCy-1

    

 Dorsal horn

    

  18.1.1 phosphorylated PLCy-1

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C18)

 

  18.1.2 total PLCy-1

1

1

N.A. (see Additional file 3 C18)

 

Heat shock protein 72

    

 Nerve

    

  Heat shock protein 72h

1

0

N.A

 
  1. EXP favors experimental, NS not significant
  2. Bold values represent significant results. aUnable to include two studies due to inability to determine mean and/or SD for all groups [21, 27]. bUnable to include one study due to inability to determine mean and/or SD for all groups [48]. cUnable to include one study due to inability to determine mean and/or SD for all groups [59]. dSensitivity analyses performed, due to the same but opposite effects reported in two muscles. eUnable to include one comparison due to inability to determine SD for all groups [41]. eUnable to include one study in meta-analysis due to inability to determine mean and/or SD for all groups [27]. fAdded a negative sign before results for Arbat-Plana [21, 26], because unit of measurement was % loss. gUnable to include two comparisons from one study due to inability to determine mean and/or SD for all groups [40]. hUnable to include two comparisons from one study due to inability to determine mean and/or SD for all groups [29]