Fig. 5

Gene expression in freshly isolated microglia from adult mice after acute or chronic stereotactic injection of C27. A Volcano plot showing changes in gene expression and upregulated genes in the microglia of C27 acutely stimulated mice that were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched for 20 BPs compared to PBS-treated mice. The importance of BPs is indicated by the intensity of red (n = 3 per group). B Volcano plots showing changes in gene expression and downregulated genes enriched in 20 significant (p < 0.05) BPs in the microglia of chronically C27-stimulated mice compared to acutely stimulated mice. The importance of the BPs is represented by the intensity of blue (n = 3 per group). C Volcano plot showing changes in gene expression the microglia of chronically C27-stimulated mice compared to PBS-treated mice (n = 3 per group). D Comparison of the significance of the top 20 BPs shared between the groups after acute and chronic treatment with C27 (n = 3 per group). E Heatmap depicting the transcriptional profile of selected BPs among the top 20 BPs (n = 3 per group). F Normalized expression of selected genes (n = 3 per group). IL-6: F (2, 6) = 18.14; TNF-α: F (2, 6) = 131.6; GLUT1: F (2, 6) = 117.1; PFKFB3: F (2, 6) = 18.82; TREM2: F (2, 6) = 13.66; CKLF1: F (2, 6) = 4.202. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. vehicle group or acute group