Fig. 1

Extensive blood-derived component extravasation indicates widespread BSCB disruption after SCI. a Schematic drawing of vessels in the murine spinal cord. The primary physical impact (epicenter, red line) typically causes more extensive secondary injury (penumbra, red dashed line). dAV dorsal ascending venule, dSV dorsal spinal vein, RV radial vein. b Time-lapse imaging of Thy1-GFP mice after acute SCI. Leakage of 40 kDa TRITC-dextran (white arrow) was detected in the epicenter (upper panel) several minutes post-SCI. Leakage and axonal degeneration (red arrow) were detected in the penumbra region (lower panel) after approximately 30 min (n = 4 independent experiments). Scale bar = 200 μm. c–e Extravasation of dextran (white arrow) in the epicenter during normothermia (NT, upper panel) and TTM (lower panel). Scale bar = 200 μm. Quantification of the fluorescence intensity (d) and volume (e) of dextran extravasated from the dAV in the epicenter in (c) (n = 10 mice, or n = 6 in the ctrl group). f Representative immunohistochemical images of serum IgG extravasation in the penumbra area from adjacent nonimpacted spinal segments. Scale bar = 1 mm. g Optical density analysis of leaked IgG in multiple spinal segments at 1 and 4 h post-SCI (n = 5 mice). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; nested, general estimated equation (d, e), one-way ANOVA (g)