Fig. 9

β-arrestin1 deletion negates the inhibitory effects of Carvedilol on neurotoxic astrogliosis and POD progression. A Schematic of the experimental design. B Heat map of A1 astrocytic genes in primary cell cultures. C Astrocytes were stained with MitoSOX and analyzed by flow cytometry. D Quantification of the mitochondrial ROS in MitoSOX staining. E Representative immunofluorescent staining of GFAP in the hippocampus. F Analysis of GFAP-positive cell body area in the hippocampus. G Analysis of GFAP-positive cell numbers in the hippocampus. H Representative moving track plots (red curve) of mice in the probe trial of Morris water maze test. Black circle represents the invisible platform. I Latency (s) to reach the hidden platform in the probe test of Morris water maze test. J Crossing times in target quadrant in the probe test of Morris water maze test. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 and ^***P < 0.001 vs. the WT POD group. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.01 vs. the WT Carv + POD group. n = 6 mice per group for immunofluorescent staining. n = 8–10 mice for behavioral tests. Values are presented as means ± SEM