Fig. 4

IL-10 loss results in increased cytokine and chemokine expression. IL-10 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice were euthanized at day 7 (n = 8 WT and 7 KO) or day 14 (n = 13 WT and 13 KO) following S. aureus craniotomy infection, whereupon inflammatory mediator expression in the A brain and B galea was determined using Milliplex multi-analyte bead arrays (data compiled from 3 independent experiments). C Total leukocytes recovered from the brain at day 14 post-infection (n = 4 WT and n = 6 KO) were cultured overnight, whereupon inflammatory mediator production was quantified in conditioned medium by CBA (results combined from 3 independent experiments). Significant differences between IL-10 KO and WT mice were determined by A and B two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction and C unpaired Student’s t-test and are denoted by asterisks (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001)