Fig. 1

Spinocerebellar ataxia patients exhibit Bergmann glia-specific c-Jun phosphorylation. A–D HRP-DAB immunostaining of human cerebellum from patients with A SCA1, B SCA2, C SCA7, and G SCA3 using c-Jun phosphorylation (c-Jun-pS63) antibody. Black-boxed regions represent the corresponding higher-magnification images shown below each photo. E–H HRP-DAB immunostaining of human cerebellum from patients with D SCA1, E SCA2, F SCA7, and H SCA3 using total c-Jun antibody. Black-boxed regions represent the corresponding higher-magnification images shown below each photo. In all panels nuclei are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bar = 100 μm. Representative images are shown. We performed staining on multiple SCA1 (n = 4), SCA2 (n = 3), SCA3 (n = 3), and SCA7 (n = 3) samples, as well as age-matched controls (n = 4). Arrowheads correspond to phosphorylated c-Jun staining in BG. I Quantification of percent of c-Jun-pS63 positive cells in BGL Bergmann glia layer; GCL granule cell layer; ML molecular layer. n = 3. **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test