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Table 2 Characteristics of meningeal immune cells under homeostasis

From: Meningeal immunity and neurological diseases: new approaches, new insights

 

Cell clusters (percentage)

Cell ontogeny

Transmigration pathway

Cell subsets

Subset/tissue-specific signatures

References

Dura mater

BAMs

(35%)

Bone marrow

Peripheral circulation

Dhi-BAM

H2-Aa, Cd74, Ccr2, H2-Eb1

2019 [18]

Dlo-BAM

Ccl8, Pla2g2d, Cfp

DCs

(19%)

–

–

cDC1

Flt3, Xcr1

cDC2

Flt3, Cd209a, Itgax

migDCs

Ccr7, Nudt17

pDCs

Siglech, Ccr9, Pacsin1

Monocytes

(16%)

Adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow#; peripheral blood*

Bone marrow-dura channels#; peripheral circulation*

Classical monocytes

Ly6c2

2021 [14], 2019 [18]

Non-classical monocytes

Itgal

Intermediate monocytes

Fcgr1

Neutrophils

(12%)

Adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow#; peripheral blood*

Bone marrow-dura channels#; peripheral circulation*

Neutrophils

Ly6g, Itgam

B cells

(7%)

Adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow#; peripheral blood*

Bone marrow-dura channels#; peripheral circulation*

Pro-B cells

Vpreb1, Igll1, Dntt, Lef1, Tspan13, Smarca4

2021 [15], 2019 [18]

Pre-B cells

Dnajc7, Rag1, Cecr2, Sox4, Myb

Immature B cells

Ms4a1, Ly6d, Hck, Cd24a, Spib, Ccnd2, Cd72

Mature naïve B cells

Rps29, Rpl38, Rps27, Rpl21, Igkc

Mitotic B cells

Top2a, Mki67

T cells

(4%)

Peripheral blood

Peripheral circulation

T cells

Cd3e

2019 [18]

NK cells

(4%)

–

–

NK cells

Klrb1c

Subdural meninges

Microglia

(67%)

Embryo

Tissue residency

Microglia

Sparc, Mertk, Cx3cr1, Csf1r, Itgam, Aif1, Cd68, Fcgr1

2019 [18]

BAMs

(23%)

Embryo

Tissue residency

BAMs

Lyve1, P2rx7, Egfl7

DCs

(2.6%)

–

–

cDC1

Flt3, Xcr1

cDC2

Flt3, Cd209a, Itgax

Monocytes

(2%)

–

–

Classical monocytes

Ly6c2

Non-classical monocytes

Itgal

T cells

(3%)

–

–

T cells

Cd3e

B cells

(1%)

–

–

B cells

Cd19

NK cells

(1%)

–

–

NK cells

Klrb1c

  1. scRNA-seq single-cell RNA sequencing; BAMs border-associated macrophages; Dhi-BAM dural macrophages with high expression of major histocompatibility complex class II; Dlo-BAM dural macrophages with low expression of major histocompatibility complex class II; DCs dendritic cells; cDC1 conventional dendritic cell subset 1; cDC2 conventional dendritic cell subset 2; migDCs migratory dendritic cells; pDC plasmacytoid dendritic cells; NK cells natural killer cells
  2. #Immune cells from adjacent skull and vertebral bone marrow transmigrate to the dura through bone marrow-dura channels
  3. *Immune cells from peripheral blood transmigrate to the dura through peripheral circulation
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Journal of Neuroinflammation

ISSN: 1742-2094