Articles

Alteration of T cell cytokine production in PLPp-139-151-induced EAE in SJL mice by an immunostimulatory CpG Oligonucleotide

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is - in certain aspects - regarded as an animal model of the human CNS autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). While in EAE CNS-autoantigen-specific immunity...

Authors: Vsevolod Smolianov, Thomas Dehmel, Patrick Vollmar, Anne K Mausberg, Bernd C Kieseier, Bernhard Hemmer, Hans P Hartung and Harald H Hofstetter

Classically and alternatively activated bone marrow derived macrophages differ in cytoskeletal functions and migration towards specific CNS cell types

Macrophages play an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI), being involved in both damage and repair. The divergent effects of macrophages mig...

Authors: Elly JF Vereyken, Priscilla DAM Heijnen, Wia Baron, Elga HE de Vries, Christine D Dijkstra and Charlotte E Teunissen

Sesamin ameliorates oxidative stress and mortality in kainic acid-induced status epilepticus by inhibition of MAPK and COX-2 activation

Kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) was involved with release of free radicals. Sesamin is a well-known antioxidant from sesame seeds and it scavenges free radicals in several brain injury models....

Authors: Peiyuan F Hsieh, Chien-Wei Hou, Pei-Wun Yao, Szu-Pei Wu, Yu-Fen Peng, Mei-Lin Shen, Ching-Huei Lin, Ya-Yun Chao, Ming-Hong Chang and Kee-Ching Jeng

Predominance of Th2 polarization by Vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism

Vitamin D has several reported immunomodulatory properties including the reduced generation of pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells and the increase in levels of the anti-inflammatory Th2 subset. Less ...

Authors: Scott Sloka, Claudia Silva, Jianxiong Wang and V Wee Yong

Developmental regulation of the neuroinflammatory responses to LPS and/or hypoxia-ischemia between preterm and term neonates: An experimental study

Preterm and term newborns are at high risk of brain damage as well as subsequent cerebral palsy and learning disabilities. Indeed, hypoxia-ischemia (HI), pathogen exposures, and associated intracerebral increa...

Authors: Marie-Elsa Brochu, Sylvie Girard, Karine Lavoie and Guillaume Sébire

Inhibition of interleukin-6 trans-signaling in the brain facilitates recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior

Interleukin (IL)-6 is produced in the brain during peripheral infection and plays an important but poorly understood role in sickness behavior. Therefore, this study investigated the capacity of soluble gp130 ...

Authors: Michael D Burton, Nathan L Sparkman and Rodney W Johnson

Changes in interleukin-1 signal modulators induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): regulation by CB2 receptors and implications for neurotoxicity

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces a neuroinflammatory reaction in rat brain characterized by an increase in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and microglial activation. The CB2 receptor agonist JWH-01...

Authors: Elisa Torres, Maria D Gutierrez-Lopez, Andrea Mayado, Ana Rubio, Esther O'Shea and Maria I Colado

IL-6 is increased in the cerebellum of autistic brain and alters neural cell adhesion, migration and synaptic formation

Although the cellular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of autism are not understood, a growing number of studies have suggested that localized inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) may co...

Authors: Hongen Wei, Hua Zou, Ashfaq M Sheikh, Mazhar Malik, Carl Dobkin, W Ted Brown and Xiaohong Li

Transcellular migration of neutrophil granulocytes through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier after infection with Streptococcus suis

A critical point during the course of bacterial meningitis is the excessive influx of polymorphnuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from the blood into the brain. Both paracellular and transcellular routes of leukocyte ...

Authors: Corinna Wewer, Annette Seibt, Hartwig Wolburg, Lilo Greune, M Alexander Schmidt, Jürgen Berger, Hans-Joachim Galla, Ulrike Quitsch, Christian Schwerk, Horst Schroten and Tobias Tenenbaum

Exacerbation of CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration by systemic LPS treatment is independent of circulating IL-1β and IL-6

Chronic neurodegeneration comprises an inflammatory response but its contribution to the progression of disease remains unclear. We have previously shown that microglial cells are primed by chronic neurodegene...

Authors: Carol L Murray, Donal T Skelly and Colm Cunningham

Loss of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl leads to enhanced inflammation in the CNS and delayed removal of myelin debris during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Axl, together with Tyro3 and Mer, constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases. In the nervous system, Axl and its ligand Growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) are expressed on multiple cell types....

Authors: Jason G Weinger, Celia F Brosnan, Olivier Loudig, Michael F Goldberg, Fernando Macian, Heather A Arnett, Anne L Prieto, Vladislav Tsiperson and Bridget Shafit-Zagardo

Lentiviral vector-mediated stable expression of sTNFR-Fc in human macrophage and neuronal cells as a potential therapy for neuroAIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection frequently causes neurologic disease, which is the result of viral replication and activation of macrophages and microglia in the CNS, and subsequent secre...

Authors: Shengbo Cao, Chengxiang Wu, Yongbo Yang, Lynn F Sniderhan, Sanjay B Maggirwar, Stephen Dewhurst and Yuanan Lu

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokne ligand-2 (CCL2) levels have been examined in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients in Western countries. We measured these values in North Indi...

Authors: Pawan K Gupta, Sudesh Prabhakar, Suresh Sharma and Akshay Anand

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytes down-regulate microglial MMP-2 secretion in CNS tuberculosis via TNFα, NFκB, p38 and caspase 8 dependent pathways

Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a deadly disease characterized by extensive tissue destruction, driven by molecules such as Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) which targets CNS-specifi...

Authors: Justin A Green, Shruti Dholakia, Karolina Janczar, Catherine WM Ong, Rachel Moores, Julie Fry, Paul T Elkington, Federico Roncaroli and Jon S Friedland

Regulation of Toll-like receptor 1 and -2 in neonatal mice brains after hypoxia-ischemia

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury remains a major problem in newborns, resulting in increased risk of neurological disorders. Neonatal HI triggers a broad inflammatory reaction in the brain, including activat...

Authors: Linnea Stridh, Peter LP Smith, Andrew S Naylor, Xiaoyang Wang and Carina Mallard

Expression of mutant alpha-synuclein modulates microglial phenotype in vitro

Increased reactive microglia are a histological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) brains, positively correlating with levels of deposited α-synuclein protein. This suggests that microglial-mediated in...

Authors: Lalida Rojanathammanee, Eric J Murphy and Colin K Combs

The effects of high dose interferon-β1a on plasma microparticles: Correlation with MRI parameters

We previously reported a correlation between levels of microparticles carrying CD31 (PMP ^CD31+) and disease activity in MS. However, the effects of long term (12 month) treatment with high dose, high frequency in...

Authors: Mary Lowery-Nordberg, Erin Eaton, Eduardo Gonzalez-Toledo, Meghan K Harris, Kathrine Chalamidas, Jeanie McGee-Brown, Chaitanya V Ganta, Alireza Minagar, David Cousineau and J Steven Alexander

Genomic profile of Toll-like receptor pathways in traumatically brain-injured mice: effect of exogenous progesterone

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute inflammatory responses that result in an enduring cascade of secondary neuronal loss and behavioral impairments. It has been reported that progesterone (PROG) can inhi...

Authors: Fang Hua, Jun Wang, Tauheed Ishrat, Wenjing Wei, Fahim Atif, Iqbal Sayeed and Donald G Stein

Increased expression of the chemokines CXCL1 and MIP-1α by resident brain cells precedes neutrophil infiltration in the brain following prolonged soman-induced status epilepticus in rats

Exposure to the nerve agent soman (GD) causes neuronal cell death and impaired behavioral function dependent on the induction of status epilepticus (SE). Little is known about the maturation of this pathologic...

Authors: Erik A Johnson, Thuy L Dao, Michelle A Guignet, Claire E Geddes, Andrew I Koemeter-Cox and Robert K Kan

Overweight worsens apoptosis, neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage after hypoxic ischemia in neonatal brain through JNK hyperactivation

Apoptosis, neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage affect the susceptibility of the developing brain to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insults. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important mediator of i...

Authors: Yi-Fang Tu, Yau-Sheng Tsai, Lan-Wan Wang, Hsin-Chieh Wu, Chao-Ching Huang and Chien-Jung Ho

Increased serum levels of anti-ganglioside M1 auto-antibodies in autistic children: relation to the disease severity

Autoimmunity to the central nervous system (CNS) may play a pathogenic role in a subgroup of patients with autism. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of serum anti-ganglioside M1 auto-antibodies, as...

Authors: Gehan A Mostafa and Laila Y AL-ayadhi

Specific PKC isoforms regulate LPS-stimulated iNOS induction in murine microglial cells

Excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in reactive microglia is a major contributor to initiation/exacerbation of inflammatory and degenerative neurological disease...

Authors: Jie Wen, Rachel Ribeiro and Yumin Zhang

Erratum to: SDF1 in the dorsal corticospinal tract promotes CXCR4+ cell migration after spinal cord injury

Authors: Vicki M Tysseling, Divakar Mithal, Vibhu Sahni, Derin Birch, Hosung Jung, Abdelhak Belmadani, Richard J Miller and John A Kessler

Indications of Th1 and Th17 responses in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis: a large retrospective study

Previous studies indicate that successful resolution of Lyme neuroborreliosis (NB) is associated with a strong T helper (Th) 1-type cytokine response in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) followed by a down-regulat...

Authors: Anna J Henningsson, Ivar Tjernberg, Bo-Eric Malmvall, Pia Forsberg and Jan Ernerudh

MyD88 is pivotal for immune recognition of Citrobacter koseri and astrocyte activation during CNS infection^†

Citrobacter koseri (C. koseri) is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause a highly aggressive form of neonatal meningitis, which often progresses to establish multi-focal brain abscesses. The roles of Toll-like...

Authors: Shuliang Liu and Tammy Kielian

The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) δ is differently regulated by fibrillar and oligomeric forms of the Alzheimer amyloid-β peptide

The transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP) α, β and δ have been shown to be expressed in brain and to be involved in regulation of inflammatory genes in concert with nuclear factor κB (N...

Authors: Veronica Ramberg, Linda M Tracy, Malin Samuelsson, Lars NG Nilsson and Kerstin Iverfeldt

Enhanced neuroinflammation and pain hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury in rats expressing mutated superoxide dismutase 1

Neuroinflammation and nitroxidative stress are implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. In view of both processes, microglial and astroglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn play a predominan...

Authors: Julie V Berger, Ronald Deumens, Stéphanie Goursaud, Sabrina Schäfer, Patricia Lavand'homme, Elbert A Joosten and Emmanuel Hermans

Pro-inflammatory gene expression in solid glioblastoma microenvironment and in hypoxic stem cells from human glioblastoma

Adaptation to hypoxia and consequent pro-inflammatory gene expression of prostate and breast carcinomas have been implicated in the progression toward cancer malignant phenotype. Only partial data are availabl...

Authors: Marco Tafani, Maura Di Vito, Alessandro Frati, Laura Pellegrini, Elena De Santis, Giovanni Sette, Adriana Eramo, Patrizio Sale, Emanuela Mari, Antonio Santoro, Antonino Raco, Maurizio Salvati, Ruggero De Maria and Matteo A Russo

Selective adenosine A_2Areceptor agonists and antagonists protect against spinal cord injury through peripheral and central effects

Permanent functional deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) arise both from mechanical injury and from secondary tissue reactions involving inflammation. Enhanced release of adenosine and glutamate soon a...

Authors: Irene Paterniti, Alessia Melani, Sara Cipriani, Francesca Corti, Tommaso Mello, Emanuela Mazzon, Emanuela Esposito, Placido Bramanti, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Felicita Pedata

Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β genes in the cochlea and inferior colliculus in salicylate-induced tinnitus

Changes in the gene expressions for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and/or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) during tinnitus have not been previously reported. We evaluated tinnitus and mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, I...

Authors: Juen-Haur Hwang, Jin-Cherng Chen, Shan-Ying Yang, Ming-Fu Wang and Yin-Ching Chan

Temporal profiles of age-dependent changes in cytokine mRNA expression and glial cell activation after status epilepticus in postnatal rat hippocampus

Status epilepticus (SE) is proposed to lead to an age-dependent acute activation of a repertoire of inflammatory processes, which may contribute to neuronal damage in the hippocampus. The extent and temporal p...

Authors: Juha T Järvelä, Francisco R Lopez-Picon, Anna Plysjuk, Saku Ruohonen and Irma E Holopainen

Protein kinase C-α signals P115RhoGEF phosphorylation and RhoA activation in TNF-α-induced mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier dysfunction

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine, is capable of activating the small GTPase RhoA, which in turn contributes to endothelial barrier dysfunction. However, the underlying signaling mechani...

Authors: Jing Peng, Fang He, Ciliu Zhang, Xiaolu Deng and Fei Yin

Atorvastatin prevents age-related and amyloid-β-induced microglial activation by blocking interferon-γ release from natural killer cells in the brain

Microglial function is modulated by several factors reflecting the numerous receptors expressed on the cell surface, however endogenous factors which contribute to the age-related increase in microglial activa...

Authors: Anthony Lyons, Kevin J Murphy, Rachael Clarke and Marina A Lynch

Neurovascular dysfunction, inflammation and endothelial activation: Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimer's disease is an increasingly prevalent disease with 5.3 million people in the United S...

Authors: Paula Grammas

Signal pathways in astrocytes activated by cross-talk between of astrocytes and mast cells through CD40-CD40L

Astrocytes, which play an active role in chronic inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis, exist close to mast cells with which they share perivascular localization. We previously demonstrated the possibi...

Authors: Dae Yong Kim, Gwan Ui Hong and Jai Youl Ro

Myelin down-regulates myelin phagocytosis by microglia and macrophages through interactions between CD47 on myelin and SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes

Traumatic injury to axons produces breakdown of axons and myelin at the site of the lesion and then further distal to this where Wallerian degeneration develops. The rapid removal of degenerated myelin by phag...

Authors: Miri Gitik, Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman, Per-Arne Oldenborg, Fanny Reichert and Shlomo Rotshenker

Intracerebral infection with dengue-3 virus induces meningoencephalitis and behavioral changes that precede lethality in mice

Dengue, one of the most important arboviral diseases of humans, may cause severe systemic disease. Although dengue virus (DENV) has been considered to be a non-neurotropic virus, dengue infection has been asso...

Authors: Debora CG Amaral, Milene A Rachid, Marcia C Vilela, Roberta DL Campos, Gustavo P Ferreira, David H Rodrigues, Norinne Lacerda-Queiroz, Aline S Miranda, Vivian V Costa, Marco A Campos, Erna G Kroon, Mauro M Teixeira and Antonio L Teixeira

Expression and cellular localization of cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin E synthases in the hemorrhagic brain

Although cyclooxygenases (COX) and prostaglandin E synthases (PGES) have been implicated in ischemic stroke injury, little is known about their role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain damage. This...

Authors: Tao Wu, He Wu, Jessica Wang and Jian Wang

Insulin-like growth factor-I gene delivery to astrocytes reduces their inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exerts neuroprotective actions in the central nervous system that are mediated at least in part by control of activation of astrocytes. In this study we have assessed the e...

Authors: Maria J Bellini, Claudia B Hereñú, Rodolfo G Goya and Luis M Garcia-Segura

Differential contribution of electrically evoked dorsal root reflexes to peripheral vasodilatation and plasma extravasation

Dorsal root reflexes (DRRs) are antidromic activities traveling along the primary afferent fibers, which can be generated by peripheral stimulation or central stimulation. DRRs are thought to be involved in th...

Authors: Oleg V Lobanov and Yuan B Peng

Deleterious effects of lymphocytes at the early stage of neurodegeneration in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Non-neuronal cells, such as microglia and lymphocytes, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous studies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of lymph...

Authors: Satoru Tada, Tatsusada Okuno, Teruhito Yasui, Yuji Nakatsuji, Tomoyuki Sugimoto, Hitoshi Kikutani and Saburo Sakoda

ErratumTo: Cerebral ischemia induces microvascular pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via the MEK/ERK pathway

Authors: Aida Maddahi and Lars Edvinsson

The relationship between indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and post-stroke cognitive impairment

Activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and higher concentrations of several kynurenine metabolites have been observed post-stroke, where they have been associated with increased mortality. While lower...

Authors: Allison B Gold, Nathan Herrmann, Walter Swardfager, Sandra E Black, Richard I Aviv, Gayla Tennen, Alexander Kiss and Krista L Lanctôt

SDF1 in the dorsal corticospinal tract promotes CXCR4+ cell migration after spinal cord injury

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) and its major signaling receptor, CXCR4, were initially described in the immune system; however, they are also expressed in the nervous system, including the spinal cord. A...

Authors: Vicki M Tysseling, Divakar Mithal, Vibhu Sahni, Derin Birch, Hosung Jung, Richard J Miller and John A Kessler

Soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor inhibits neurotoxicity of LPS-activated macrophages

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, can activate immune cells including macrophages. Activation of macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) con...

Authors: Jieliang Li, Li Ye, Denise R Cook, Xu Wang, Jinping Liu, Dennis L Kolson, Yuri Persidsky and Wen-Zhe Ho

Distribution of interleukin-1 receptor complex at the synaptic membrane driven by interleukin-1β and NMDA stimulation

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that contributes to neuronal injury in various degenerative diseases, and is therefore a potential therapeutic target. It exerts its biological effect by a...

Authors: Fabrizio Gardoni, Mariaserena Boraso, Elisa Zianni, Emanuela Corsini, Corrado L Galli, Flaminio Cattabeni, Marina Marinovich, Monica Di Luca and Barbara Viviani

Expression of sphingosine kinase 1 in amoeboid microglial cells in the corpus callosum of postnatal rats

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), a key enzyme responsible for phosphorylating sphingosine into sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been shown to be expressed in monocytes and monocyte-derived peripheral macrophages...

Authors: Haiyan Lin, Nimmi Baby, Jia Lu, Charanjit Kaur, Chuansen Zhang, Jiajun Xu, Eng-Ang Ling and S Thameem Dheen

Central administration of insulin-like growth factor-I decreases depressive-like behavior and brain cytokine expression in mice

Exogenous administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I has anti-depressant properties in rodent models of depression. However, nothing is known about the anti-depressant properties of IGF-I during infl...

Authors: Sook-Eun Park, Robert Dantzer, Keith W Kelley and Robert H McCusker

The formyl peptide receptor like-1 and scavenger receptor MARCO are involved in glial cell activation in bacterial meningitis

Recent studies have suggested that the scavenger receptor MARCO (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) mediates activation of the immune response in bacterial infection of the central nervous system ...

Authors: Benedikt J Braun, Alexander Slowik, Stephen L Leib, Ralph Lucius, Deike Varoga, Christoph J Wruck, Sandra Jansen, Rainer Podschun, Thomas Pufe and Lars-Ove Brandenburg

Evidence for regulatory diversity and auto-regulation at the TAC1 locus in sensory neurones

The neuropeptide substance-P (SP) is expressed from the TAC1 gene in sensory neurones where it acts as a key modulator of neurogenic inflammation. The promoter of TAC1 (TAC1prom) plays a central role in the re...

Authors: Lynne Shanley, Marissa Lear, Scott Davidson, Ruth Ross and Alasdair MacKenzie