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  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important causes of bacterial meningitis, an infection where unfavourable outcome is driven by bacterial and host-derived toxins. In this st...

    Authors: Kin Ki Jim, JooYeon Engelen-Lee, Astrid M. van der Sar, Wilbert Bitter, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Arie van der Ende, Jan-Willem Veening, Diederik van de Beek and Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:188
  2. Accumulating evidence suggest that the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays important roles in gastrointestinal inflammatory responses, which could be in part mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The...

    Authors: Joan F. Burgueño, Albert Barba, Elena Eyre, Carolina Romero, Michel Neunlist and Ester Fernández
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:187
  3. CCR5 is a CC chemokine receptor involved in the migration of effector leukocytes including macrophages, NK, and T cells into inflamed tissues. Also, the role of CCR5 in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) homing ...

    Authors: Jin Hyoung Kim, Ajit Mahadev Patil, Jin Young Choi, Seong Bum Kim, Erdenebelig Uyangaa, Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain, Sang-Youel Park, John Hwa Lee and Seong Kug Eo
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:223
  4. Intracranial aneurysms (IA) are increasingly recognized as a disease driven by chronic inflammation. Recent research has identified key mediators and processes underlying IA pathogenesis, but mechanistic under...

    Authors: David M. Sawyer, Lauren A. Pace, Crissey L. Pascale, Alexander C. Kutchin, Brannan E. O’Neill, Robert M. Starke and Aaron S. Dumont
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:185
  5. Amyloid-β (Aβ)-stimulated microglial inflammatory responses engage mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) regulate upstream MAPK signaling th...

    Authors: Weiguo Dong, Christine M. Embury, Yaman Lu, Sarah M. Whitmire, Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty, Harris A. Gelbard, Howard E. Gendelman and Tomomi Kiyota
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:184
  6. Trigeminal nerve damage-induced neuropathic pain is a severely debilitating chronic orofacial pain syndrome. Spinal chemokine CXCL13 and its receptor CXCR5 were recently demonstrated to play a pivotal role in ...

    Authors: Qian Zhang, De-Li Cao, Zhi-Jun Zhang, Bao-Chun Jiang and Yong-Jing Gao
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:183
  7. Microglia are resident myeloid cells in the CNS that are activated by infection, neuronal injury, and inflammation. Established BV2 microglial cell lines have been the primary in vitro models used to study neu...

    Authors: Amitabh Das, Sun Hwa Kim, Sarder Arifuzzaman, Taeho Yoon, Jin Choul Chai, Young Seek Lee, Kyoung Sun Park, Kyoung Hwa Jung and Young Gyu Chai
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:182
  8. Acute exposure to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) activates EP receptors in sensory neurons which triggers the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade resulting in enhanced excitability of the neurons. Wi...

    Authors: Ramy Habashy Malty, Andy Hudmon, Jill C. Fehrenbacher and Michael R. Vasko
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:181
  9. In the SOD1G93A mutant rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neuronal death and rapid paralysis progression are associated with the emergence of activated aberrant glial cells that proliferate in the ...

    Authors: Emiliano Trias, Sofía Ibarburu, Romina Barreto-Núñez, Joël Babdor, Thiago T. Maciel, Matthias Guillo, Laurent Gros, Patrice Dubreuil, Pablo Díaz-Amarilla, Patricia Cassina, Laura Martínez-Palma, Ivan C. Moura, Joseph S. Beckman, Olivier Hermine and Luis Barbeito
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:177
  10. Reactive astrogliosis is a remarkable pathogenetic hallmark of the brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, but its progressive fate and regulation mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, growth a...

    Authors: Xiao-Long Sun, Bei-Yu Chen, Hai-Kang Zhao, Ying-Ying Cheng, Min-Hua Zheng, Li Duan, Wen Jiang and Liang-Wei Chen
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:180
  11. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The main immunological feature of the disease is the presence of autoantibodies to Aquaporin 4 (AQP4+), identifie...

    Authors: Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky, Hanna Charbit, Livnat Brill, Oded Abramsky, Devorah Gur-Wahnon, Iddo Z. Ben-Dov and Iris Lavon
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:179
  12. Neurodegeneration is believed to be the primary cause of permanent, long-term disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. The cause of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis appears to be multifactorial. ...

    Authors: Joshua N. Douglas, Lidia A. Gardner, Hannah E. Salapa, Stephen J. Lalor, Sangmin Lee, Benjamin M. Segal, Paul E. Sawchenko and Michael C. Levin
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:178
  13. The discovery of a highly specific antibody against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel (AQP4-IgG) unified the spectrum of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which are considered to be antibody-...

    Authors: Friederike Tuller, Hannah Holzer, Kathrin Schanda, Fahmy Aboulenein-Djamshidian, Romana Höftberger, Michael Khalil, Thomas Seifert-Held, Fritz Leutmezer, Thomas Berger and Markus Reindl
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:176
  14. Clinical studies have shown an association between long-term anticholinergic (AC) drug exposure and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, which has been primarily investigated in Parkinson’s disease (PD). How...

    Authors: Yuqi Huang, Zhe Zhao, Xiaoli Wei, Yong Zheng, Jianqiang Yu, Jianquan Zheng and Liyun Wang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:175
  15. Synucleinopathies comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein. One of the key factors that contribute to the progression of synucleinopathies is neuroinf...

    Authors: Annika Sommer, Tanja Fadler, Eva Dorfmeister, Anna-Carin Hoffmann, Wei Xiang, Beate Winner and Iryna Prots
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:174
  16. Enhanced expression of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) occurs in several neuroinflammatory conditions where increased microglial activation is a co-existing feature. P2X7 receptors can function either as ...

    Authors: Mastura Monif, Christopher A. Reid, Kim L. Powell, Katherine J. Drummond, Terrence J. O’Brien and David A. Williams
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:173
  17. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) event is a devastating injury to the brain that may result in heightened inflammation, neurodegeneration, and subsequent cognitive and mood deficits. TBI victims with co-morbidit...

    Authors: Matthew Sherman, Ming-Mei Liu, Shari Birnbaum, Steven E. Wolf, Joseph P. Minei and Joshua W. Gatson
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:171
  18. The inflammatory cell product neopterin is elevated in serum before and during delirium. This suggests a role for disordered cell-mediated immunity or oxidative stress. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin leve...

    Authors: Roanna J. Hall, Leiv Otto Watne, Ane-Victoria Idland, Johan Raeder, Frede Frihagen, Alasdair M. J. MacLullich, Anne Cathrine Staff, Torgeir Bruun Wyller and Durk Fekkes
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:170
  19. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two highly homologous neuropeptides. In vitro and ex vivo experiments repeatedly demonstrate that these pep...

    Authors: Catalina Abad, Bhavaani Jayaram, Laurine Becquet, Yuqi Wang, M Sue O’Dorisio, James A. Waschek and Yossan-Var Tan
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:169

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Neuroinflammation 2017 14:157

  20. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health concern that typically causes emotional disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. Secondary pathologies following TBI may be associated with chronic neurodegenerat...

    Authors: Jing-Ya Wang, Ya-Ni Huang, Chong-Chi Chiu, David Tweedie, Weiming Luo, Chaim G. Pick, Szu-Yi Chou, Yu Luo, Barry J. Hoffer, Nigel H. Greig and Jia-Yi Wang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:168

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:228

  21. We have recently identified in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) membrane-type 5-MMP (MT5-MMP) as a new player in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, which displays pro-amyloidogenic features and prot...

    Authors: Kévin Baranger, Michel Khrestchatisky and Santiago Rivera
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:167
  22. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with inflammation and a rise in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the vascular wall. However, the role of HHcy in the growth and rupture of cereb...

    Authors: Masaaki Korai, Keiko T. Kitazato, Yoshiteru Tada, Takeshi Miyamoto, Kenji Shimada, Nobuhisa Matsushita, Yasuhisa Kanematsu, Junichiro Satomi, Tomoki Hashimoto and Shinji Nagahiro
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:165
  23. The monoclonal antibody natalizumab (NAT) inhibits the migration of lymphocytes throughout the blood–brain barrier by blocking very late antigen (VLA)-4 interactions, thereby reducing inflammatory central nerv...

    Authors: T. Sehr, U. Proschmann, K. Thomas, M. Marggraf, E. Straube, H. Reichmann, A. Chan and T. Ziemssen
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:164
  24. Epileptic seizures are associated with an immune response in the brain. However, it is not known whether it can extend to remote areas of the brain, such as the eyes. Hence, we investigated whether epileptic s...

    Authors: Matilda Ahl, Una Avdic, Cecilia Skoug, Idrish Ali, Deepti Chugh, Ulrica Englund Johansson and Christine T Ekdahl
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:155
  25. It is known that histamine participates in pain modulation. However, the effect of central histamine on neuropathic pain is not fully understood. Here, we report a critical time window for the analgesic effect...

    Authors: Jie Yu, Ying-Ying Tang, Ran-Ran Wang, Guo-Dong Lou, Ting-Ting Hu, Wei-Wei Hou, Jia-Xing Yue, Hiroshi Ohtsu, Li-Yun Shi, Shi-Hong Zhang and Zhong Chen
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:163
  26. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic injury that often leads to paralysis. The neuroinflammation following SCI plays an important role during the secondary injury phase. C-C motif chemokine ligand 20...

    Authors: Jianzhong Hu, Zhiming Yang, Xiaoning Li and Hongbin Lu
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:162
  27. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are caused by damage to myelin and nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation is tightly linked with neurodegeneration, and it is the accumulation of neurode...

    Authors: Lewis M. Watkins, James W. Neal, Sam Loveless, Iliana Michailidou, Valeria Ramaglia, Mark I. Rees, Richard Reynolds, Neil P. Robertson, B. Paul Morgan and Owain W. Howell
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:161
  28. Demyelination and remyelination are common pathological processes in many neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Clinical evidence suggests extensive involvement of the thalamocortical (TC)...

    Authors: Nikoo Ghaffarian, Masoud Mesgari, Manuela Cerina, Kerstin Göbel, Thomas Budde, Erwin-Josef Speckmann, Sven G. Meuth and Ali Gorji
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:160
  29. Viral encephalitis is a common cause of lethal infections in humans, and several different viruses are documented to be responsible. Rocio virus is a flavivirus that causes a severe lethal encephalitis syndrom...

    Authors: Rafael F. O. Franca, Renata S. Costa, Jaqueline R. Silva, Raphael S. Peres, Leila R. Mendonça, David F. Colón, José Carlos Alves-Filho and Fernando Q. Cunha
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:159
  30. Misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates participate in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease. Whereas much is known about how the various domains within full-length α-Syn (FL-α-Sy...

    Authors: Shijun Wang, Chun-Hsien Chu, Mingri Guo, Lulu Jiang, Hui Nie, Wei Zhang, Belinda Wilson, Li Yang, Tessandra Stewart, Jau-Shyong Hong and Jing Zhang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:158
  31. Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a possible mechanism of brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but no consensus has been reached on the most relevant molecules. Furthermore, secondary insults ...

    Authors: Anna Teresa Mazzeo, Claudia Filippini, Rosalba Rosato, Vito Fanelli, Barbara Assenzio, Ian Piper, Timothy Howells, Ilaria Mastromauro, Maurizio Berardino, Alessandro Ducati and Luciana Mascia
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:157
  32. The early dysfunction and subsequent recovery after stroke, characterized by the destruction and remodeling of connective pathways between cortex and subcortical regions, is associated with neuroinflammation. ...

    Authors: Xiao-zhu Hao, Le-kang Yin, Xiao-xue Zhang, Jia-qi Tian, Chan-chan Li, Xiao-yuan Feng, Min Jiang and Yan-mei Yang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:156
  33. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of neurons and axons and results in motor and sensory function impairments. SCI elicits an inflammatory response and induces the infiltration of immune cells, predominantly...

    Authors: Chuan-Wen Chiu, Wen-Hung Huang, Shao-Ji Lin, May-Jywan Tsai, Hsu Ma, Shie-Liang Hsieh and Henrich Cheng
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:154
  34. Microglial cells are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system. They are extremely dynamic, sensitive to their microenvironment and present a characteristic complex and heterogeneous morphology...

    Authors: Franck Verdonk, Pascal Roux, Patricia Flamant, Laurence Fiette, Fernando A. Bozza, Sébastien Simard, Marc Lemaire, Benoit Plaud, Spencer L. Shorte, Tarek Sharshar, Fabrice Chrétien and Anne Danckaert
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:153
  35. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a potentially fatal stroke subtype accounting for 10–15 % of all strokes. Despite neurosurgical intervention and supportive care, the 30-day mortality rate remains 30–50 % wit...

    Authors: Frederick Bonsack IV, Cargill H. Alleyne Jr and Sangeetha Sukumari-Ramesh
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:151
  36. After focal brain injuries occur, in addition to the effects that are attributable to the primary site of damage, the resulting functional impairments depend highly on changes that occur in regions that are re...

    Authors: Valeria Sasso, Elisa Bisicchia, Laura Latini, Veronica Ghiglieri, Fabrizio Cacace, Valeria Carola, Marco Molinari and Maria Teresa Viscomi
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:150
  37. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are emerging as polygenic and multifactorial disorders in which complex interactions between defective genes and early exposure to environmental stressors impact on the correct ...

    Authors: Alessia De Felice, Anita Greco, Gemma Calamandrei and Luisa Minghetti
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:149
  38. Hyperactivation of microglia is considered to be a key hallmark of brain inflammation and plays a critical role in regulating neuroinflammatory events. Neuroinflammatory responses in microglia represent one of...

    Authors: Harsharan S. Bhatia, Julian Baron, Stephanie Hagl, Gunter P. Eckert and Bernd L. Fiebich
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:148
  39. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has multifaceted immunoregulatory functions. Immunity plays an important role in the mechanism of stroke. However, little is known about whether CTB is beneficial for stroke.

    Authors: Lei Zhang, Yanxia Huang, Yinyao Lin, Yilong Shan, Sha Tan, Wei Cai, Haiyan Li, Bingjun Zhang, Xuejiao Men and Zhengqi Lu
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:147
  40. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying such disorders are still largely unknown, al...

    Authors: Carolina Pellegrini, Matteo Fornai, Rocchina Colucci, Erika Tirotta, Fabio Blandini, Giovanna Levandis, Silvia Cerri, Cristina Segnani, Chiara Ippolito, Nunzia Bernardini, Karolina Cseri, Corrado Blandizzi, György Haskó and Luca Antonioli
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:146
  41. A characteristic phenotype of congenital generalized lipodystrophy 2 (CGL2) that is caused by loss-of-function of seipin gene is mental retardation. Seipin is highly expressed in hippocampal pyramidal cells an...

    Authors: Yun Qian, Jun Yin, Juan Hong, Guoxi Li, Baofeng Zhang, George Liu, Qi Wan and Ling Chen
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:145
  42. Elevated levels of oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 cytokine family member, have been observed in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the function of OSM in t...

    Authors: Shamsudheen Moidunny, Marco Matos, Evelyn Wesseling, Santanu Banerjee, David J. Volsky, Rodrigo A. Cunha, Paula Agostinho, Hendrikus W. Boddeke and Sabita Roy
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:144
  43. The lysophospholipids sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are pleiotropic signaling molecules with a broad range of physiological functions. Targeting the S1P1 receptor on lymphocytes wi...

    Authors: Fabian Szepanowski, Angelika Derksen, Irina Steiner, Gerd Meyer zu Hörste, Thomas Daldrup, Hans-Peter Hartung and Bernd C. Kieseier
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:143
  44. Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). MOG35–55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used as an animal model to investigate the mechanisms of pain in ...

    Authors: Liam E. Potter, John W. Paylor, Jee Su Suh, Gustavo Tenorio, Jayalakshmi Caliaperumal, Fred Colbourne, Glen Baker, Ian Winship and Bradley J. Kerr
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:142
  45. Interleukin-6 is an inflammatory cytokine with wide-ranging biological effects. It has been widely demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development of pathological pain. Recently, v...

    Authors: Ya-Qun Zhou, Zheng Liu, Zhi-Heng Liu, Shu-Ping Chen, Man Li, Allahverdi Shahveranov, Da-Wei Ye and Yu-Ke Tian
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:141
  46. Myeloid cells, such as macrophages and microglia, play a crucial role in neuroinflammation and have been recently identified as a novel therapeutic target, especially for chronic forms. The general aim would b...

    Authors: Giacomo Casella, Livia Garzetti, Alberto T. Gatta, Annamaria Finardi, Chiara Maiorino, Francesca Ruffini, Gianvito Martino, Luca Muzio and Roberto Furlan
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2016 13:139

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