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  1. Microglia can acquire various phenotypes of activation that mediate their inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Aging causes microglia to become partially activated towards an inflammatory phenotype. As a ...

    Authors: Alyssa M. Littlefield, Sharay E. Setti, Carolina Priester and Rachel A. Kohman
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:138
  2. Acute glaucoma is a significantly sight-threatening cause of irreversible blindness in the world characterized by a sudden and substantial intraocular pressure (IOP) increase and subsequent retinal ganglion ce...

    Authors: Wei Chi, Hongrui Chen, Fei Li, Yingting Zhu, Wei Yin and Yehong Zhuo
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:137
  3. Inflammation and the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of ischemic retinopathies such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. We hy...

    Authors: Devy Deliyanti and Jennifer L. Wilkinson-Berka
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:136
  4. Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is often asymptomatic until the time of rupture resulting in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).There is no precise biochemical or phenotype marker for diagnosis of aneurysm. Environmenta...

    Authors: Sanish Sathyan, Linda V. Koshy, Lekshmi Srinivas, H. V. Easwer, S. Premkumar, Suresh Nair, R. N. Bhattacharya, Jacob P. Alapatt and Moinak Banerjee
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:135

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:164

  5. Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare neuroinflammatory disease characterized by intractable seizures and progressive atrophy on one side of the cerebrum. Perivascular cuffing and clusters of T cells in the af...

    Authors: Geoffrey C. Owens, Kate L. Erickson, Colin C. Malone, Calvin Pan, My N. Huynh, Julia W. Chang, Thabiso Chirwa, Harry V. Vinters, Gary W. Mathern and Carol A. Kruse
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:134
  6. β-Lapachone (β-LAP) is a natural naphthoquinone compound isolated from the lapacho tree (Tabebuia sp.), and it has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, infection, and cancer. In the present study, we ...

    Authors: Eun-Jung Lee, Hyun-Myung Ko, Yeon-Hui Jeong, Eun-Mi Park and Hee-Sun Kim
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:133
  7. Gene expression analyses in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are restrained by the low RNA amounts from CSF cells and lo...

    Authors: Caterina Veroni, Fabiana Marnetto, Letizia Granieri, Antonio Bertolotto, Clara Ballerini, Anna Maria Repice, Lucia Schirru, Giancarlo Coghe, Eleonora Cocco, Eleni Anastasiadou, Maria Puopolo and Francesca Aloisi
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:132
  8. The vasculature of the brain is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytic processes. The endothelial cells are the critical interface between the blood and the CNS parenchyma and are a critical c...

    Authors: Simon J. O’Carroll, Dan Ting Kho, Rachael Wiltshire, Vicky Nelson, Odunayo Rotimi, Rebecca Johnson, Catherine E. Angel and E. Scott Graham
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:131
  9. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell population in mammal central nervous system (CNS), contribute to a variety of functions including homeostasis, metabolism, synapse formation, and myelin maintenance. White ma...

    Authors: Flora Guillot, Alexandra Garcia, Marion Salou, Sophie Brouard, David A. Laplaud and Arnaud B. Nicot
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:130
  10. Cytokines and chemokines play an important role in the neuroinflammatory response to an initial precipitating injury such as status epilepticus (SE). These signaling molecules participate in recruitment of imm...

    Authors: Gabriel M. Arisi, Maira L. Foresti, Khurshed Katki and Lee A. Shapiro
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:129
  11. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, mice genetically deficient in the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) are re...

    Authors: Ian L. McWilliams, Rajani Rajbhandari, Susan Nozell, Etty Benveniste and Laurie E. Harrington
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:128
  12. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons in the CNS and leading to paralysis and death. There are currently no effective treatments for ALS due...

    Authors: Jared Ehrhart, Adam J. Smith, Nicole Kuzmin-Nichols, Theresa A. Zesiewicz, Israt Jahan, R. Douglas Shytle, Seol-Hee Kim, Cyndy D. Sanberg, Tuan H. Vu, Clifton L. Gooch, Paul R. Sanberg and Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:127
  13. Previous studies showed that TNF-α could activate voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Since TNF-α is implicated in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, we examined po...

    Authors: Weiqiang Chen, Jiangtao Sheng, Jingfang Guo, Fenfei Gao, Xiangfeng Zhao, Jianping Dai, Gefei Wang and Kangsheng Li
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:126
  14. Tuberculosis (TB) affects one third of the global population, and TB of the central nervous system (CNS-TB) is the most severe form of tuberculosis which often associates with high mortality. The pro-inflammat...

    Authors: Ngiambudulu M. Francisco, Nai-Jen Hsu, Roanne Keeton, Philippa Randall, Boipelo Sebesho, Nasiema Allie, Dhirendra Govender, Valerie Quesniaux, Bernhard Ryffel, Lauriston Kellaway and Muazzam Jacobs
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:125
  15. Accumulation of beta-amyloid and neuroinflammation trigger Alzheimer’s disease. We previously found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused neuroinflammation with concomitant accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides...

    Authors: Sun Mi Gu, Mi Hee Park, Chul Ju Hwang, Ho Sueb Song, Ung Soo Lee, Sang Bae Han, Ki Wan Oh, Young Wan Ham, Min Jong Song, Dong Ju Son and Jin Tae Hong
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:124
  16. DRα1-mouse(m)MOG-35-55, a novel construct developed in our laboratory as a simpler and potentially less immunogenic alternative to two-domain class II constructs, was shown previously to target the MIF/CD74 pa...

    Authors: Gil Benedek, Roberto Meza-Romero, Kelley Jordan, Lucy Keenlyside, Halina Offner and Arthur A. Vandenbark
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:123
  17. Aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are important triggers for microglial activation, which is an important pathological component in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Cu(II) ions are reported to be ...

    Authors: Fengxiang Yu, Ping Gong, Zhuqin Hu, Yu Qiu, Yongyao Cui, Xiaoling Gao, Hongzhuan Chen and Juan Li
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:122
  18. The membrane attack complex (MAC) is a key player in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and is a putative activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Amyloid beta (Aβ), a component of drusen d...

    Authors: Tom Zhao, Jiangyuan Gao, Jenifer Van, Eleanor To, Aikun Wang, Sijia Cao, Jing Z. Cui, Jian-Ping Guo, Moonhee Lee, Patrick L. McGeer and Joanne A. Matsubara
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:121
  19. Persistent systemic infection results in excessive trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby contributing to sustained neuroinflammation that leads to neurocognitive...

    Authors: Raini Dutta and Sabita Roy
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:120
  20. Increasing evidences link T helper 17 (Th17) cells with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this context, interleukin-22 (IL-22), a Th17-linked cytokine, has been implicated in blood brain barrier breakdown and lympho...

    Authors: Guillaume Perriard, Amandine Mathias, Lukas Enz, Mathieu Canales, Myriam Schluep, Melanie Gentner, Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers and Renaud A. Du Pasquier
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:119
  21. IL-1β has been shown to play a pivotal role in autoimmunity. Cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1) inhibitor may be an important drug target for autoimmune diseases. However, the effects of cas...

    Authors: Cong-Cong Wang, Heng Li, Min Zhang, Xiao-Li Li, Long-Tao Yue, Peng Zhang, Yue Zhao, Shan Wang, Ruo-Nan Duan, Yan-Bin Li and Rui-Sheng Duan
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:118
  22. Sepsis with brain dysfunction has contributed to an increase risk of morbidity and mortality. In its pathophysiology, both autophagy and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) have been suggested to play important roles. B...

    Authors: YunJie Su, Yi Qu, FengYan Zhao, HuaFeng Li, DeZhi Mu and XiHong Li
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:116
  23. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma, a degenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). There is clinical and experimental evidence that neur...

    Authors: Maria H. Madeira, Filipe Elvas, Raquel Boia, Francisco Q. Gonçalves, Rodrigo A. Cunha, António Francisco Ambrósio and Ana Raquel Santiago
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:115
  24. Animal studies show that peripheral inflammatory stimuli may activate microglial cells in the brain implicating an important role for microglia in sepsis-associated delirium. We systematically reviewed animal ...

    Authors: Inge C.M. Hoogland, Carin Houbolt, David J. van Westerloo, Willem A. van Gool and Diederik van de Beek
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:114
  25. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, it has been found that cells such as human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have the ability t...

    Authors: Courtney A. McDonald, Natalie L. Payne, Guizhi Sun, Leon Moussa, Christopher Siatskas, Rebecca Lim, Euan M. Wallace, Graham Jenkin and Claude C.A. Bernard
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:112
  26. Inflammation due to remote pathogen exposure combined to hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is one of the most common causes of neonatal encephalopathy affecting at-term or near-term human newborn, which will consequently ...

    Authors: Alexandre Savard, Marie-Elsa Brochu, Mathilde Chevin, Clémence Guiraut, Djordje Grbic and Guillaume Sébire
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:111
  27. During inflammation, the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolises the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) potentially contributing to excitotoxicity via the release of quinolinic acid (QUIN) and 3-hydroxykynureni...

    Authors: Edwin B. Yan, Tony Frugier, Chai K. Lim, Benjamin Heng, Gayathri Sundaram, May Tan, Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld, David W. Walker, Gilles J. Guillemin and Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:110
  28. Large-scale macrophage infiltration and reactive astrogliosis are hallmarks of early spinal cord injury (SCI) pathology. The exact nature of the macrophage response and relationship between these phenomena hav...

    Authors: Niels Haan, Bangfu Zhu, Jian Wang, Xiaoqing Wei and Bing Song
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:109
  29. Schwann cells are the myelinating glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and exert important regenerative functions revealing them as central repair components of many peripheral nerve pathologies. Intra...

    Authors: Nevena Tzekova, André Heinen, Sebastian Bunk, Corinna Hermann, Hans-Peter Hartung, Birgit Reipert and Patrick Küry
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:107
  30. The brain’s initial innate response to stroke is primarily mediated by microglia, the resident macrophage of the CNS. However, as early as 4 h after stroke, the blood–brain barrier is compromised and monocyte ...

    Authors: Rodney M. Ritzel, Anita R. Patel, Jeremy M. Grenier, Joshua Crapser, Rajkumar Verma, Evan R. Jellison and Louise D. McCullough
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:106
  31. With the increasing popularity of mobile phones, the potential hazards of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the auditory system remain unclear. Apart from RF-EMR, humans are also exposed to ...

    Authors: Wen-Qi Zuo, Yu-Juan Hu, Yang Yang, Xue-Yan Zhao, Yuan-Yuan Zhang, Wen Kong and Wei-Jia Kong
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:105
  32. To evaluate the role of NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, we examined the effects of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase assembly inhibitor, on experime...

    Authors: Bo Young Choi, Jin Hee Kim, A Ra Kho, In Yeol Kim, Song Hee Lee, Bo Eun Lee, Eunhi Choi, Min Sohn, Mackenzie Stevenson, Tae Nyoung Chung, Tiina M Kauppinen and Sang Won Suh
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:104
  33. The acupuncture or electroacupuncture (EA) shows the therapeutic effect on various neurodegenerative diseases. This effect was thought to be partially achieved by its ability to alleviate existing neuroinflamm...

    Authors: Jiahui Deng, E Lv, Jian Yang, Xiaoli Gong, Wenzhong Zhang, Xibin Liang, Jiazeng Wang, Jun Jia and Xiaomin Wang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:103
  34. Activity of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) modulates vulnerability to excitotoxic challenge. The mechanism by which COX-2 renders OPCs more sensitive to excitotoxicity...

    Authors: Noel G. Carlson, Satya Bellamkonda, Linda Schmidt, Jonathan Redd, Thomas Huecksteadt, Lauren Marissa Weber, Ethan Davis, Blair Wood, Takayuki Maruyama and John W. Rose
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:101
  35. TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) is a non-canonical IκB kinase (IKK) involved in the regulation of type I interferons and of NF-κB signal transduction. It is activated by viral infections and inflammatory mediators ...

    Authors: Christine V. Möser, Heike Stephan, Katharina Altenrath, Katharina L. Kynast, Otto Q. Russe, Katrin Olbrich, Gerd Geisslinger and Ellen Niederberger
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:100
  36. Fenofibrate, a PPAR-α activator, has shown promising results as a neuroprotective therapy, with proposed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, it displays poor blood-brain barrier permeability l...

    Authors: Patrick Losey, Emma Ladds, Maud Laprais, Borna Geuvel, Laura Burns, Regis Bordet and Daniel C Anthony
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:99

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Neuroinflammation 2017 14:146

  37. Chemokines and chemokine receptors cooperate to promote immune cell recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we investigated the roles of CXCR2 and CXCL1 in leukocyte recruitment to the ...

    Authors: Fengjiao Wu, Yawei Zhao, Tian Jiao, Dongyan Shi, Xingxing Zhu, Mingshun Zhang, Meiqing Shi and Hong Zhou
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:98
  38. miR21, miR146, and miR155 represent a trio of microRNAs which has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated the differential ex...

    Authors: A. S. Prabowo, J. van Scheppingen, A. M. Iyer, J. J. Anink, W. G. M. Spliet, P. C. van Rijen, A. Y. N. Schouten-van Meeteren and E. Aronica
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:97
  39. Chronic neuropathic pain is a neuro-immune disorder, characterised by allodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain, as well as debilitating affective-motivational disturbances (e.g., reduced social interaction...

    Authors: Paul J Austin, Annika M Berglund, Sherman Siu, Nathan T Fiore, Michelle B Gerke-Duncan, Suzanne L Ollerenshaw, Sarah-Jane Leigh, Priya A Kunjan, James WM Kang and Kevin A Keay
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:96
  40. Active immunization against Aβ was reported to have a therapeutic effect in murine models of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Aβ vaccination trial AN1792 was interrupted due to the development in 6 % of the patie...

    Authors: Martine Bruley Rosset, Gabrielle Lui, Cira Dansokho, Thomas Chaigneau and Guillaume Dorothée
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:95
  41. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-derived proinflammatory lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotrienes B4 (LTB4), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and free fatty acids (FFA) are implicated in spinal cord ...

    Authors: Mushfiquddin Khan, Anandakumar Shunmugavel, Tajinder S Dhammu, Fumiyo Matsuda, Avtar K Singh and Inderjit Singh
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:94
  42. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common causes of dementia and motor deficits in the elderly. PD is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and deg...

    Authors: Elvira Valera, Michael Mante, Scott Anderson, Edward Rockenstein and Eliezer Masliah
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:93
  43. Retinal ischemia results in a progressive degeneration of neurons and a pathological activation of glial cells, resulting in vision loss. In the brain, progressive damage after ischemic insult has been correla...

    Authors: Oscar Manouchehrian, Karin Arnér, Tomas Deierborg and Linnéa Taylor
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:92
  44. Multiple sclerosis is generally considered an autoimmune disease resulting from interaction between predisposing genes and environmental factors, together allowing immunological self-tolerance to be compromise...

    Authors: Catherine J Reynolds, Malcolm J W Sim, Kathryn J Quigley, Daniel M Altmann and Rosemary J Boyton
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:91
  45. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating late onset neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The mechanisms underlying ALS pathogen...

    Authors: Jia Y Lee, John D Lee, Simon Phipps, Peter G Noakes and Trent M Woodruff
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:90
  46. 4′-O-methylhonokiol (MH) is a natural product showing anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoclastogenic, and neuroprotective effects. MH was reported to modulate cannabinoid CB2 receptors as an inverse agonist for cAMP pr...

    Authors: Andrea Chicca, Maria Salomé Gachet, Vanessa Petrucci, Wolfgang Schuehly, Roch-Philippe Charles and Jürg Gertsch
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:89

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