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  1. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. CXCL10 (IP-10), a chemokine for CXCR3+ T cells, is known to regulate T cell different...

    Authors: Emily Mills Ko, Joyce H Ma, Fuzheng Guo, Laird Miers, Eunyoung Lee, Peter Bannerman, Travis Burns, David Ko, Jiho Sohn, Athena M Soulika and David Pleasure
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:105
  2. Brain inflammation plays a key role in neurological disease. Although much research has been conducted investigating inflammatory events in animal models, potential differences in human brain versus rodent mod...

    Authors: Deidre Jansson, Justin Rustenhoven, Sheryl Feng, Daniel Hurley, Robyn L Oldfield, Peter S Bergin, Edward W Mee, Richard LM Faull and Mike Dragunow
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:104

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Neuroinflammation 2015 12:213

  3. Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is partly based on the detection of intrathecal Borrelia burgdorferi–specific antibody production (increased antibody index (AI)). However, AI can be negative i...

    Authors: Jukka Hytönen, Elisa Kortela, Matti Waris, Juha Puustinen, Jemiina Salo and Jarmo Oksi
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:103
  4. Hypertonic saline (HS) has been successfully used clinically for treatment of various forms of cerebral edema. Up-regulated expression of Na-K-Cl Cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and inflammatory mediators such as tumo...

    Authors: Lin-Qiang Huang, Gao-Feng Zhu, Yi-Yu Deng, Wen-Qiang Jiang, Ming Fang, Chun-Bo Chen, Wei Cao, Miao-Yun Wen, Yong-Li Han and Hong-Ke Zeng
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:102
  5. Activation of hyaluronic acid (HA) and associated enzyme synthesis has been demonstrated in experimental stroke animal models. Our study aimed to investigate the plasma levels of HA in acute stroke patients an...

    Authors: Sung-Chun Tang, Shin-Joe Yeh, Li-Kai Tsai, Chaur-Jong Hu, Li-Ming Lien, Giia-Sheun Peng, Wei-Shiung Yang, Hung-Yi Chiou and Jiann-Shing Jeng
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:101
  6. The relationship between genetic factors and the development of cerebral palsy (CP) has recently attracted much attention. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to be as...

    Authors: Dan Bi, Mingjie Chen, Xiaoli Zhang, Honglian Wang, Lei Xia, Qing Shang, Tongchuan Li, Dengna Zhu, Klas Blomgren, Lin He, Xiaoyang Wang, Qinghe Xing and Changlian Zhu
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:100
  7. Acetate supplementation reduces neuroglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat models of neuroinflammation and Lyme neuroborreliosis. Because single-dose glyceryl triacetate (GTA) treatme...

    Authors: Mark D Smith, Dhaval P Bhatt, Jonathan D Geiger and Thad A Rosenberger
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:99
  8. Microglial cells, which are resident macrophages of the central nervous system, play important roles in immune responses and pathogenesis. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic virus that infects ...

    Authors: Siddhika Pareek, Saugata Roy, Bharti Kumari, Pratistha Jain, Arup Banerjee and Sudhanshu Vrati
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:97
  9. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pharmacologic agent inducing neutrophil mobilization and a new candidate for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in stroke. Its effects when used in combina...

    Authors: Sophie Gautier, Thavarak Ouk, Madjid Tagzirt, Catherine Lefebvre, Maud Laprais, Olivier Pétrault, Annabelle Dupont, Didier Leys and Régis Bordet
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:96
  10. Complement activation at the C3 convertase level has been associated with acute neuroinflammation and secondary brain injury after severe head trauma. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that Cr...

    Authors: Miriam D Neher, Megan C Rich, Chesleigh N Keene, Sebastian Weckbach, Ashley L Bolden, Justin T Losacco, Jenée Patane, Michael A Flierl, Liudmila Kulik, V Michael Holers and Philip F Stahel
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:95
  11. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease leading to the death of affected individuals within years. The involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dis...

    Authors: Paola Italiani, Cecilia Carlesi, Paola Giungato, Ilaria Puxeddu, Barbara Borroni, Paola Bossù, Paola Migliorini, Gabriele Siciliano and Diana Boraschi
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:94
  12. Patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction have poor outcomes. Neuroinflammation may be the underlying pathophysiology for this dysfunction. We determined whether proinflammatory cytokines affect the tr...

    Authors: Hongying Tan, Jiangbei Cao, Junfeng Zhang and Zhiyi Zuo
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:93
  13. Peri-spinal subarachnoid (intrathecal; i.t.) injection of non-viral naked plasmid DNA encoding the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 (pDNA-IL-10) suppresses chronic neuropathic pain in animal models. However, ...

    Authors: Ellen C Dengler, Lauren A Alberti, Brandi N Bowman, Audra A Kerwin, Jenny L Wilkerson, Daniel R Moezzi, Eugene Limanovich, James A Wallace and Erin D Milligan
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:92
  14. Neuroinflammation is a common immune response associated with brain human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Identifying therapeutic compounds that exhibit better brain permeability and can target sig...

    Authors: Tamima Ashraf, Wenlei Jiang, Md Tozammel Hoque, Jeffrey Henderson, Chiping Wu and Reina Bendayan
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:91
  15. Cerebral ischemia induces transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in the brain parenchyma and in cerebral arteries, thereby contributing to the infarct development. The present study was designed to...

    Authors: Roya Waldsee, Sajedeh Eftekhari, Hilda Ahnstedt, Leif E Johnson and Lars Edvinsson
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:90
  16. Perinatal asphyxia and exposure to intrauterine infection are associated with impaired neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Acute exposure to non-injurious infection and/or inflammation can either protect or s...

    Authors: Lotte G van den Heuij, Sam Mathai, Joanne O Davidson, Christopher A Lear, Lindsea C Booth, Mhoyra Fraser, Alistair J Gunn and Laura Bennet
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:89
  17. Previous reports have indicated that matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) regulates angiogenic processes, which are involved in choroidal neovascularization (CNV). However, the regulation of MMP-2 in CNV has not ...

    Authors: Jingjing Cai, Guibin Yin, Bing Lin, Xianwei Wang, Xiaoling Liu, Xiaoyan Chen, Dongsheng Yan, Ge Shan, Jia Qu and Shengzhou Wu
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:88
  18. Alteration of retinal angiogenesis during development leads to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants, which is a leading cause of visual impairment in children. A number of clinical studies have ...

    Authors: Hye Kyoung Hong, Hyun Ju Lee, Jung Hwa Ko, Ji Hyun Park, Ji Yeon Park, Chang Won Choi, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Seong Joon Ahn, Kyu Hyung Park, Se Joon Woo and Joo Youn Oh
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:87
  19. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation associated with microglial cell activation in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) is not only a consequence of neuronal degeneration...

    Authors: Carmen Noelker, Lydie Morel, Anke Osterloh, Daniel Alvarez-Fischer, Thomas Lescot, Minka Breloer, Maike Gold, Wolfgang H Oertel, Carmen Henze, Patrick P Michel, Richard C Dodel, Lixia Lu, Etienne C Hirsch, Stéphane Hunot and Andreas Hartmann
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:86
  20. Systemic bacterial infections often result in enduring cognitive impairment and are a risk factor for dementia. There are currently no effective treatments for infection-induced cognitive impairment. Previous ...

    Authors: Andrea R Vasconcelos, Lidia M Yshii, Tania A Viel, Hudson S Buck, Mark P Mattson, Cristoforo Scavone and Elisa M Kawamoto
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:85
  21. Beyond cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by numerous neuropathological changes in the brain. Although animal models generally do not fully reflect the broad spectrum of disease-speci...

    Authors: Tina Löffler, Stefanie Flunkert, Daniel Havas, Cornelia Schweinzer, Marni Uger, Manfred Windisch, Ernst Steyrer and Birgit Hutter-Paier
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:84
  22. Although elicited inflammation contributes to tissue injury, a certain level of inflammation is necessary for subsequent tissue repair/remodeling. Diabetes, a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, is a predisp...

    Authors: Eunhee Kim, Aaron T Tolhurst and Sunghee Cho
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:83
  23. After central nervous system injury, inflammatory macrophages (M1) predominate over anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). The temporal profile of M1/M2 phenotypes in macrophages and microglia after traumatic bra...

    Authors: L Christine Turtzo, Jacob Lescher, Lindsay Janes, Dana D Dean, Matthew D Budde and Joseph A Frank
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:82
  24. Sterile inflammation occurs in the absence of live pathogens and is an unavoidable consequence of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the central nervous system (CNS). It is known that toll-like receptor 4 (Tl...

    Authors: Galina Dvoriantchikova, Andrea Rachelle C Santos, Ali M Saeed, Xenia Dvoriantchikova and Dmitry Ivanov
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:81
  25. Diabetes is a significant risk factor for developing West Nile virus (WNV)-associated encephalitis (WNVE) in humans, the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in the United States. Using a diabetic mouse mod...

    Authors: Mukesh Kumar, Kelsey Roe, Pratibha V Nerurkar, Beverly Orillo, Karen S Thompson, Saguna Verma and Vivek R Nerurkar
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:80
  26. Stroke is accompanied by a distinguished inflammatory reaction that is initiated by the infiltration of immunocytes, expression of cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. As natural killer cells (NK cells...

    Authors: Yao Zhang, Zhongming Gao, Dandan Wang, Tongshuai Zhang, Bo Sun, Lili Mu, Jinghua Wang, Yumei Liu, Qingfei Kong, Xijun Liu, Yue Zhang, Haoqiang Zhang, Jiqing He, Hulun Li and Guangyou Wang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:79
  27. Immune system dysregulation is well-recognized in autism and thought to be part of the etiology of this disorder. The endocannabinoid system is a key regulator of the immune system via the cannabinoid receptor...

    Authors: Dario Siniscalco, James Jeffrey Bradstreet, Alessandra Cirillo and Nicola Antonucci
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:78
  28. Alterations in TNF-α expression have been associated with cerebral aneurysms, but a direct role in formation, progression, and rupture has not been established.

    Authors: Robert M Starke, Nohra Chalouhi, Pascal M Jabbour, Stavropoula I Tjoumakaris, L Fernando Gonzalez, Robert H Rosenwasser, Kosuke Wada, Kenji Shimada, David M Hasan, Nigel H Greig, Gary K Owens and Aaron S Dumont
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:77
  29. The accumulation of activated microglia is a hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia may have both protective and toxic effects on neurons through the production of various soluble factors, s...

    Authors: Mariko Noda, Kento Takii, Bijay Parajuli, Jun Kawanokuchi, Yoshifumi Sonobe, Hideyuki Takeuchi, Tetsuya Mizuno and Akio Suzumura
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:76
  30. Previous studies have demonstrated that chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are critical for pain sensitization, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. In this study, we investigated the specific cellu...

    Authors: Wen Shen, Xue-Ming Hu, Yan-Nan Liu, Yuan Han, Li-Ping Chen, Chen-Chen Wang and Chao Song
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:75
  31. The chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1, FKN) is involved in neural-microglial interactions and is regarded as neuroprotective according to several in vivo studies of inflammatory and degenerative states of the brain. ...

    Authors: Gerrit M Grosse, Anita B Tryc, Meike Dirks, Ramona Schuppner, Henning Pflugrad, Ralf Lichtinghagen, Karin Weissenborn and Hans Worthmann
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:74
  32. Although the central nervous system (CNS) was once considered an immunologically privileged site, in recent years it has become increasingly evident that cross talk between the immune system and the CNS does o...

    Authors: Carolyn A Thomson, Alison McColl, Jonathan Cavanagh and Gerard J Graham
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:73
  33. Microglia play key roles in innate immunity, homeostasis, and neurotropic support in the central nervous system. Similar to macrophages, microglia adopt two different activation phenotypes, the classical and a...

    Authors: Longyan Li, Yan Wu, Yanping Wang, Jing Wu, Limin Song, Wenjing Xian, Shiying Yuan, Lei Pei and You Shang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:72
  34. Astrogliosis is a common phenomenon after spinal cord injury (SCI). Although this process exerts positive effects on axonal regeneration, excessive astrogliosis imparts negative effects on neuronal repair and ...

    Authors: Zai-Wang Li, Ji-Jun Li, Lan Wang, Jian-Ping Zhang, Jing-Jing Wu, Xu-Qiang Mao, Guo-Feng Shi, Qian Wang, Feng Wang and Jian Zou
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:71
  35. The perinatal period is one in which the mammalian brain is particularly vulnerable to immune-mediated damage. Early inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is linked with long-term impairment in lear...

    Authors: Leah B Christensen, Tyson A Woods, Aaron B Carmody, Byron Caughey and Karin E Peterson
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:70
  36. Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles that are shed by cells of various lineages under normal as well as pathological conditions. Previously thought to be ‘extracellular debris’, exosomes have recently gene...

    Authors: Archana Gupta and Lynn Pulliam
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:68
  37. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and involves activation of the innate immune response via recognition of diverse stimuli by pattern recognition receptors...

    Authors: Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari, Frank J Brand III, Christina Sedaghat, Deborah C Mash, W Dalton Dietrich and Robert W Keane
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:67
  38. We sought to investigate the effects of co-grafting neural stem cells (NSCs) with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on neurological behavior in rats subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explore under...

    Authors: Su-Juan Liu, Yu Zou, Visar Belegu, Long-Yun Lv, Na Lin, Ting-Yong Wang, John W McDonald, Xue Zhou, Qing-Jie Xia and Ting-Hua Wang
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:66
  39. Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces immune depression in patients, which contributes to their higher risk of developing infections. While defects in humoral immunity have been reported, complications in T...

    Authors: Ji Zha, Annalise Smith, Samita Andreansky, Valerie Bracchi-Ricard and John R Bethea
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:65
  40. The pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) is myelin phagocytosis. It remains unclear why microglia and macrophages demyelinate axons in MS, but previously found or yet-unknown changes in the myelin ...

    Authors: Debbie AE Hendrickx, Karianne G Schuurman, Michael van Draanen, Jörg Hamann and Inge Huitinga
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:64
  41. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are known to have deleterious effects on Schwann cells (SCs). Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that exhibits relevant effects during inflammation in the p...

    Authors: Mark Stettner, Birthe Lohmann, Kathleen Wolffram, Jan-Philipp Weinberger, Thomas Dehmel, Hans-Peter Hartung, Anne K Mausberg and Bernd C Kieseier
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:63
  42. Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) involves two-phase injury, including an initial acute ischemic insult and subsequent inflammatory reperfusion injury, resulting in blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) dysfun...

    Authors: Xiao-Qian Li, Huang-Wei Lv, Wen-Fei Tan, Bo Fang, He Wang and Hong Ma
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:62
  43. Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are highly expressed in nervous systems of vertebrates and have been considered to be involved in the development, differentiation, and function of nerv...

    Authors: Yuhsuke Ohmi, Yuki Ohkawa, Orie Tajima, Yasuo Sugiura, Keiko Furukawa and Koichi Furukawa
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:61
  44. Overnutrition and the ensuing hypothalamic inflammation is a major perpetuating factor in the development of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Inflamed neurons of the CNS fail to properly regul...

    Authors: Leigh Wellhauser and Denise D Belsham
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:60
  45. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to substantial neuronal damage and behavioral impairment, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of thiscas...

    Authors: Hai-tao Zhu, Chen Bian, Ji-chao Yuan, Wei-hua Chu, Xin Xiang, Fei Chen, Cheng-shi Wang, Hua Feng and Jiang-kai Lin
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:59
  46. Tissue-resident antigen-presenting cells (APC) exert a major influence on the local immune environment. Microglia are resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS), deriving from early post-embryo...

    Authors: Agnieszka Wlodarczyk, Morten Løbner, Oriane Cédile and Trevor Owens
    Citation: Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014 11:57

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