Fig. 5

The p38 inhibitor (VX-702) reduces IL-1β-, TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced sCX3CL1 release. Human astrocytes (grown in speciality media) were serum starved for 3 h and pre-treated with the p38 inhibitor, VX-702 (1 μM), for 30 min. Cells were then stimulated with either a IL-1β (100 pg/ml), b TNF-α (10 ng/ml) or c IFN-γ (10 ng/ml) for 18 h. Quantification of CX3CL1 ELISA revealed a significant decrease in sCX3CL1 when pre-treated with VX-702 for all treatment groups. ###p < 0.001 compared to own control; ***p < 0.001 and **p < 0.01 compared to the matched treated group. Values expressed as averages ± SEM; n = 3, each condition done in duplicate (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test)