Fig. 1

Neonatal BCG vaccination enhanced the effect of Enr on motor activity and spatial learning abilities. a, b Locomotor activities and fine activities (grooming) of BCG-Reg (red), PBS-Enr (green), BCG-Enr (blue), and the control mice (PBS-Reg; black). *p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA, LSD post hoc test. c Representative tracks of movement patterns of PBS-Reg, BCG-Reg, PBS-Enr, and BCG-Enr mice for 30 min. d Monitoring PBS-Reg, BCG-Reg, PBS-Enr, and BCG-Enr mice during the acquisition and reversal phases of a spatial cognitive task in the MWM test. ^# p < 0.05 three-way repeated-measures ANOVA, n = 10 per group. e Representative swimming trajectories of four groups in the extinction phase (upper). The time spent in the quadrant where the platform is located in the acquisition phase (bottom). Asterisks in a and b and number sign in d indicate the BCG Enr group compared with the PBS Enr group. Asterisk in e represents a significant difference between the indicated groups. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs