Fig. 1

Long-term, low-dose THC administration reduced proinflammatory gene expression in basal ganglia of chronically SIV-infected RMs. Volcano plot shows the relationship between fold-change (X-axis) and statistical significance (Y-axis) of differentially expressed mRNAs in VEH/SIV (A) and THC/SIV (E) RMs relative to controls and in THC/SIV relative to VEH/SIV RMs (I). The vertical lines in (A, E, I) correspond to 2.0-fold up and down, respectively, and the horizontal line represents p ≤ 0.05. The negative log of statistical significance (p-value) (base 10) is plotted on the Y-axis, and the log of the fold change base (base 2) is plotted on the X-axis. Notable differentially expressed mRNAs are shown in the volcano plots. Gene Ontology functional annotation cluster analysis of upregulated (red bars in B and F) and downregulated (blue bars in B and F) genes in VEH/SIV and THC/SIV RMs, respectively, relative to controls. Number of genes represented in each cluster in VEH/SIV (B) and THC/SIV (F) relative to controls. Heat maps show interferon stimulated and proinflammatory genes that showed statistically significant upregulation exclusively in BG of VEH/SIV (C, D) and those that showed higher read counts and fold change in VEH/SIV than THC/SIV compared to uninfected control RMs (G, H). Venn diagrams showing the number of differentially expressed annotated mRNAs that are unique to each group or overlapped between the three groups (J)