Fig. 3

A Overview of differentiation timeline for iPSC-derived microglia-like cells showing representative brightfield images on the last day of each stage. B Representative immunofluorescence images of iPSC-derived microglia from healthy control lines and familial AD lines harbouring a PSEN2 (N141I) mutation. The cells were stained for microglial markers IBA1 (red), TREM2 (green) and all nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Insert shows higher magnification. All scale bars = 50 μm. The percentage of iPSC-derived microglia-like cells positive for C IBA1 and D TREM2. Mean fluorescence intensity of E IBA1 and F TREM2 per cell. An unpaired t-test was used to test whether there were statistically significant differences between the means of AD-derived and healthy control microglia. Each bar displays the mean ± SD of three cell lines with n ≥ 2 independent experiments per line (**p < 0.01). Immunofluorescence staining of all cell lines can be found in Additional file 1: Fig. S6