Fig. 1 

Neuroinvasion of intranasal VEEV involves early infection and anterograde transport from immature OSNs. A, B Immunostaining of murine ONE following intranasal VEEV–ZPC–GFP infection (50 pfu, 1 dpi). Solid and hollow arrowheads indicate GFP-labeling of infected GAP43+ immature OSNs (red) and OMP+ mature OSNs (blue), respectively. B GFP-labeling of OMP+ and GAP43+ OSN axons in the ONE and outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb following ZPC–GFP infection (50 pfu, 1 dpi). C FlSH staining of VEEV genome (magenta) within the OMP+ (red) and GAP43+ (green) OSN axons in the ONE and outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb (ZPC-738, 10 pfu, 1 dpi). D Cartoon depiction of sagittal section nasal cavity and forebrain. ONE (cyan), OB (green), olfactory tract (dark green) are indicated. E Immunostaining of intranasal VEEV–ZPC–GFP infection (50 pfu, 3 dpi) of sagittal sectioned nasal cavity and forebrain, and rostal sequence of coronal slices (Bregma ~ 2.0 and − 2.0 mm) depicting VEEV–GFP dissemination along lateral olfactory tract and piriform cortex. All images depict representative infections from N = 3 mice