Fig. 6

The effect of 5xFAD-fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on behavioral changes and neuroinflammation in Spib^−/− mice. A Experimental design B Spontaneous alternations (%) of WT-FMT, WT-FMT/Spib^−/−, 5xFAD-FMT, and 5xFAD-FMT/Spib^−/− mice (WT-FMT, n = 16; WT-FMT/Spib^−/−, n = 15; 5xFAD-FMT, n = 19; and 5xFAD-FMT/Spib^−/− mice, n = 17). C Escape latencies of WT-FMT, WT-FMT/Spib^−/−, 5xFAD-FMT, and 5xFAD-FMT/Spib^−/− mice over 6 days. D, E In the probe trial on day 7, crossing the platform number D and spending time in the target quadrant E were recorded and analyzed. F, G Immunofluorescence images of Iba-1 F and GFAP G staining in the hippocampus and cortex; scale bar, 100 μm. H–K The quantification of Iba-1 in the hippocampus H and cortex I and GFAP in the hippocampus J and cortex K positive cells area (%) (n = 4–6 per group). L–Q The inflammatory cytokines were measured in the hippocampus L–N and cortex O–Q using qRT-PCR (n = 4–5 per group). Bars represent as mean ± standard deviation. Bars of the Fig. 6C represent as mean ± standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis included the two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. ^#P < 0.05, ^###P < 0.001 and ^####P < 0.0001 vs. WT-FMT mice. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs. 5xFAD-FMT mice