Fig. 3

Main MIF sources and its effects in GBM. One of the key stressors in development of GBM are hypoxia and hypoglycemic states which induce production of high MIF levels in primary GBM cells leading to neovascularization. MIF major sources are: 1. cancer stem cells (CSC) located nearby new blood vessels; 2. transformed astrocytes and 3. MCs. All sources add to promotion of immune suppression mostly by MDSCs, angiogenesis and increased cell proliferation