Fig. 1

Effects of different time courses of CSDS exposure on autophagy function in mice. A Scheme of social defeat stress and behavior test. B, C Representative traces and statistical results show that CSDS exposure decreased the total moving distance (B) and the social interaction (C) in a time-dependent manner. D Statistical results show that CSDS decreased the sucrose performance in a time-dependent manner. E, F Statistical results show that CSDS exposure increased immobility time in TST (E) and FST (F) in a time-dependent manner. G–L Representative immunoreactive bands (G) and statistical results showing a bidirectional change in the expression of LC3-II/LC3-I (H), Beclin-1 (I), Atg5 (J), Atg7 (K), p62 (L) during CSDS. n = 6. (M–N) Representative images (M) and statistical results (N) showing a bidirectional change in the number of hippocampal autophagosomes (arrow) during CSDS. n = 3. Scale bar = 500 nm. Data were expressed as means ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. control group