Table 2 Results of gene expression analyses from the ipsilateral cortex at 2 h post-CCI in male and female mice

Neuroinflammation

 GFAP

0.00 ± 0.33

1.20 ± 0.57

− 0.04 ± 0.17

1.22 ± 0.54

TG

0.01

[− 0.26, 0.30]

2.12

[1.95, 2.61]

0.25

[0.12, 0.57]

2.39

[1.85, 3.01]

2 > 1, 4 > 1, 4 > 3

 CD45

0.00 ± 0.25

2.38 ± 0.95

0.56 ± 0.25

2.53 ± 0.96

TG

− 0.17

[− 0.32, 0.31]

3.46

[3.06, 3.99]

0.34

[− 0.01, 0.66]

3.49

[2.92, 5.51]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

 CD86

0.00 ± 0.38

1.81 ± 0.55

0.88 ± 0.24

2.12 ± 0.75

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.57

2.48 ± 0.40

0.78 ± 0.37

3.04 ± 0.82

TG, CCI

 TREM2

0.00 ± 0.18

0.77 ± 0.59

− 0.22 ± 0.27

0.91 ± 0.45

TG

0.07

[− 0.20, 0.14]

1.78

[1.55, 1.91[

− 0.08

[− 0.31, 0.24]

1.78

[0.90, 2.77]

2 > 1, 4 > 1,

4 > 3, 2 > 3

 CCR5

0.00 ± 0.61

1.42 ± 0.58

− 0.10 ± 0.28

1.59 ± 0.85

TG

0.00 ± 0.39

1.99 ± 0.33

− 0.09 ± 0.50

2.80 ± 0.94

TG

 IBA1

0.14

[− 0.28, 0.21]

1.68

[0.70, 2.37]

− 0.08

[− 0.27, 0.09]

1.40

[0.95, 2.13]

4 > 3, 2 > 3

− 0.04

[− 0.17, 0.16]

2.80

[2.47, 2.93]

− 0.16

[− 0.52,− 0.03]

2.74

[2.26, 3.59]

4 > 3, 2 > 3

 TMEM119

0.00 ± 0.30

0.38 ± 0.68

− 0.84 ± 0.27

0.21 ± 0.34

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.61

1.53 ± 0.37

− 0.31 ± 0.60

1.11 ± 0.76

TG

 GATA3

0.00 ± 0.90

4.02 ± 1.29

1.09 ± 2.00

4.17 ± 1.03

TG

− 0.12

[− 0.42, 0.53]

5.08

[4.92, 5.34]

1.26

[0.32, 2.15]

4.94

[4.34, 6.46]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

 CXCR3

0.00 ± 0.86

4.47 ± 1.53

− 0.35 ± 0.81

4.14 ± 1.42

TG

0.34

[− 1.11, 0.66]

6.95

[6.79, 7.41]

0.86

[− 0.60, 1.34]

6.90

[5.94, 8.24]

2 > 1, 4 > 1, 2 > 3

 STAT1

0.14

[− 0.32, 0.25]

2.99

[1.07, 3.72]

− 0.02

[− 0.29, 0.12]

2.00

[1.50, 2.86]

2 > 1, 4 > 3, 2 > 3

− 0.05

[− 0.20, 0.19]

3.91

[3.81, 4.30]

0.04

[− 0.22, 0.66]

4.13

[3.05, 4.58]

2 > 1, 4 > 1,

4 > 3, 2 > 3

 SOCS1

0.00

[− 0.16, 0.16]

0.94

[0.73, 2.66]

0.78

[0.09, 0.83]

1.96

[1.48, 2.52]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

0.02

[− 0.17, 0.15]

2.67

[2.29, 3.57]

0.32

[− 0.08, 0.70]

3.36

[2.40, 4.61]

2 > 1, 4 > 1, 4 > 3

 FOXP3

0.15

[− 0.44, 0.37]

1.45

[0.59, 2.96]

− 0.24

[− 1.39, 0.14]

0.75

[0.35, 3.14]

2 > 3, 4 > 3

0.11

[− 0.66, 0.50]

3.82

[3.47, 4.63]

0.17

[− 0.13, 0.52]

4.34

[3.39, 5.92]

2 > 1, 4 > 1, 4 > 3

 TSPO

0.05

[− 0.30, 0.27]

1.09

[0.35, 2.10]

− 0.14

[− 0.26, 0.03]

0.92

[0.64, 1.77]

2 > 3, 4 > 3

0.71

[− 0.47, 0.82]

3.17

[2.91, 3.56]

0.71

[0.39, 1.08]

3.15

[2.35, 4.28]

2 > 1, 4 > 1,

4 > 3, 2 > 3

 NLRP3

0.00 ± 0.66

1.06 ± 0.61

3.00 ± 0.45

3.12 ± 0.86

CCI

0.00 ± 0.24

1.61 ± 0.26

2.48 ± 0.66

3.30 ± 0.63

TG, CCI

 IL1β

0.00 ± 2.25

2.61 ± 1.42

4.32 ± 0.39

4.71 ± 1.36

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.59

2.36 ± 1.16

3.40 ± 0.74

5.15 ± 0.89

TG, CCI

 IL2

− 0.03

[− 0.37, 0.38]

2.02

[0.14, 3.95]

0.11

[− 0.29, 0.30]

2.76

[1.45, 4.24]

ns

− 0.46

[− 0.77, 0.73]

3.92

[3.62, 4.69]

− 0.33

[− 1.29, 0.09]

4.50

[4.09, 7.12]

4 > 1, 4 > 3

 IL6

− 1.07

[− 1.38, 1.91]

2.38

[0.87, 2.62]

2.75

[2.54, 3.28]

3.69

[1.82, 4.15]

4 > 1

0.00 ± 1.11

1.35 ± 0.84

2.58 ± 0.76

3.94 ± 0.74

TG, CCI

 IL10

− 0.57

[− 0.65, 0.94]

3.49

[2.73, 4.95]

3.46

[2.83, 4.27]

4.55

[3.88, 5.59]

4 > 1

0.00 ± 1.42

4.02 ± 0.97

2.46 ± 0.75

5.46 ± 1.12

TG, CCI

 IL12p40

− 1.71

[− 2.36, 3.22]

4.16

[3.59, 5.38]

6.63

[5.66, 7.03]

7.36

[6.61, 7.71]

3 > 1, 4 > 1

0.42

[− 0.78, 1.03]

3.44

[2.92, 4.08]

3.59

[2.79, 3.82]

5.27

[4.83, 5.63]

4 > 1

 IL33

0.00 ± 0.38

0.32 ± 0.57

− 0.05 ± 0.36

0.32 ± 0.65

ns

0.00 ± 0.42

0.75 ± 0.58

− 0.16 ± 0.36

0.18 ± 0.55

TG

 TNFα

− 1.43

[− 1.80, 2.51]

3.21

[2.05, 3.52]

5.82

[5.35, 6.12]

5.76

[4.62, 6.30]

3 > 1, 4 > 1

0.66

[− 1.04, 1.39]

2.73

[2.01, 3.00]

4.09

[3.49, 4.49]

4.48

[3.93, 5.26]

3 > 1, 4 > 1

 CSF1

0.00 ± 0.26

0.41 ± 0.70

0.33 ± 0.29

0.77 ± 0.48

TG

0.00 ± 0.25

1.40 ± 0.35

0.62 ± 0.46

1.71 ± 0.44

TG, CCI

 CSF2

0.00 ± 1.38

2.39 ± 1.48

2.72 ± 0.55

3.60 ± 1.42

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 1.01

3.36 ± 0.45

1.81 ± 0.92

4.73 ± 1.21

TG, CCI

 CXCL10

0.00 ± 2.06

5.73 ± 1.69

3.45 ± 0.31

6.41 ± 1.36

TG, CCI, *

0.00 ± 0.97

6.83 ± 1.21

2.92 ± 0.73

7.92 ± 1.06

TG, CCI, *

 IFNγ

− 0.84

[− 0.92, 1.34]

6.53

[5.69, 7.99]

− 0.08

[− 0.51, 1.12]

7.97

[6.48, 9.15]

4 > 1, 4 > 3

− 0.36

[− 0.92, 1.12]

8.93

[8.26,10.26]

0.88

[− 0.31, 2.01]

10.52

[9.47, 12.31]

2 > 1, 4 > 1, 4 > 3

 TGFβ

0.00 ± 0.79

1.58 ± 0.57

1.61 ± 0.26

2.23 ± 0.83

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.32

1.83 ± 0.19

1.09 ± 0.47

2.89 ± 0.89

TG, CCI

 ARG1

0.27

[− 0.93, 0.80]

0.38

[− 1.04, 3.24]

0.08

[− 0.62, 0.62]

0.96

[− 0.40, 3.13]

ns

0.04

[− 0.71, 0.72]

2.11

[1.11, 3.05]

0.57

[0.15, 1.16]

2.79

[1.55, 7.40]

4 > 1

 CCL2

− 0.56

[− 1.65, 1.93]

2.63

[1.78, 3.41]

3.26

[2.90, 3.63]

3.46

[2.59, 4.22]

3 > 1, 4 > 1

0.58

[− 0.75, 1.12]

2.09

[1.14, 2.72]

2.28

[1.68, 2.68]

3.61

[2.77, 4.95]

4 > 1

 CCL4

− 1.56

[− 2.69, 3.47]

3.78

[1.28, 4.14]

5.62

[4.74, 5.90]

5.72

[4.79, 6.31]

3 > 1, 4 > 1

0.39

[− 0.69, 1.15]

1.13

[0.45, 2.05]

4.55

[4.08, 4.93]

4.94

[4.43, 5.53]

3 > 1, 4 > 1, 4 > 2

 CCL5

0.00 ± 0.74

5.75 ± 1.75

1.87 ± 0.40

6.18 ± 1.45

TG, CCI

0.19

[− 0.27, 0.27]

7.13

[6.95, 8.09]

1.76

[0.94, 3.29]

7.71

[7.43, 10.15]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

 CCL12

0.00 ± 0.85

3.24 ± 1.33

2.39 ± 0.53

4.21 ± 0.64

TG, CCI

0.00 ± 0.60

3.91 ± 0.61

2.00 ± 0.46

4.65 ± 0.87

TG, CCI, *

Neuronal cell markers

 MAP2

0.00 ± 0.16

− 0.11 ± 0.23

− 0.09 ± 0.18

− 0.03 ± 0.18

ns

0.00 ± 0.32

− 0.37 ± 0.16

− 0.12 ± 0.16

− 0.40 ± 0.14

TG

Oxidative stress

 IDO1

− 0.12

[− 0.20, 0.26]

6.61

[6.55, 7.64]

0.60

[0.22, 1.83]

6.00

[5.37, 7.42]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

− 0.46

[− 0.77, 0.73]

8.46

[7.71, 8.90]

− 0.33

[− 1.29, 0.64]

8.16

[6.96, 9.72]

2 > 1, 4 > 1,

4 > 3, 2 > 3

 NOS2

− 0.13

[− 0.27, 0.33]

1.46

[0.00, 4.05]

− 0.07

[− 0.33, 0.14]

0.92

[− 0.05, 2.84]

ns

− 0.04

[− 0.22, 0.19]

3.74

[2.65, 5.66]

0.04

[− 0.21, 0.19]

4.68

[3.24, 7.24]

2 > 1, 4 > 1,

4 > 3, 2 > 3

 CYBB

0.00 ± 0.67

3.56 ± 1.50

0.61 ± 0.36

3.43 ± 1.47

TG

0.13

[− 0.46, 0.30]

5.36

[4.99, 5.56]

0.75

[− 0.03, 1.12]

5.08

[4.70, 6.97]

2 > 1, 4 > 1

Glutamate pathway

 PHGDH

0.00 ± 0.19

− 0.05 ± 0.30

− 0.14 ± 0.22

0.13 ± 0.30

ns

0.00 ± 0.39

0.16 ± 0.26

0.16 ± 0.28

0.03 ± 0.21

ns

 GLT1

0.00 ± 0.10

− 0.29 ± 0.31

− 0.11 ± 0.21

− 0.22 ± 0.26

ns

0.00 ± 0.51

− 0.21 ± 0.23

0.06 ± 0.20

− 0.49 ± 0.41

TG

 GLUL

0.00 ± 0.13

− 0.05 ± 0.28

− 0.09 ± 0.31

0.03 ± 0.31

ns

0.00 ± 0.19

− 0.16 ± 0.25

− 0.06 ± 0.29

− 0.49 ± 0.23

TG, CCI

 GRIN2B

0.00 ± 0.29

− .010 ± 0.34

− 0.08 ± 0.37

− 0.19 ± 0.40

ns

0.00 ± 0.40

− 0.36 ± 0.34

− 0.36 ± 0.36

− 0.73 ± 0.37

TG, CCI

 GAD1

0.00 ± 0.36

− 0.14 ± 0.42

− 0.16 ± 0.27

− 0.19 ± 0.38

ns

0.00 ± 0.18

− 0.02 ± 0.43

− 0.09 ± 0.56

− 0.39 ± 0.43

ns

 GLAST

0.00 ± 0.18

− 0.03 ± 0.39

− 0.13 ± 0.23

0.19 ± 0.13

ns

0.00 ± 0.23

0.40 ± 0.17

− 0.04 ± 0.29

0.35 ± 0.35

TG

 PPARγ

0.00 ± 0.31

0.05 ± 0.41

0.09 ± 0.22

− 0.16 ± 0.79

ns

0.00 ± 0.45

0.14 ± 0.39

− 0.20 ± 0.55

− 0.67 ± 0.55

CCI