Fig. 3
From: Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis
Mitochondria in MS monocytes. Upregulated pyruvate is converted to enormous lactate by increased expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) enzyme in MS monocytes. The 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) inhibits glycolysis and reduces glucose uptake as well as lactate production. When monocytes are exposed to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from MS patients, there is an increase in the production of intracellular glutamine, pyruvate and extracellular glutamine, lactate and pyruvate. While the production of glutamic acid decreases. The small molecule inhibitor 6877002 inhibits the upregulated ROS, extracellular IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and decreases IL-10 through the CD40-TRAF6 pathway. MS patients who respond IFN-β treatment alter in electron transport chain (ETC)-related genes, a mildly decrease ROS, and an improvement in mitochondrial dysfunction