Table 1 TGF-β1 is elevated acutely after injury to the brain and chronically in neurodegenerative disease.

Degenerative Disease

Alzheimer's Disease

Human

Entorhinal cortex and superior temporal gyrus mRNA; Brain microvessel, Senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, CSF protein

Chronic

[48, 80, 82-84]

Vascular Dementia

Human

CSF protein

Chronic

[84]

Parkinson's Disease

Human

CSF dopaminergic striatal brain regions, protein

Chronic

[85, 86]

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Human

CSF and serum protein

Chronic

[87] [88]

Diabetic Neuropathy

Human

Plasma protein

Chronic

[89]

Acute Insult

Transient ischemia

Rat

Hippocampus/cerebellar protein; Hippocampal mRNA; Microglial mRNA and protein

20 min-12 weeks

[90-92] [93, 94]

Permanent ischemia

Human; rat; Baboon

Increased mRNA in ischemic and penumbral areas

1–15 days

[95-98]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Human

CSF protein

1–19 days

[99]

Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus

Human

CSF protein

1–14 days

[12, 13, 100]

Spinal cord injury

Human

Spinal cord mRNA

1–48 h

[101]

Triethyltin exposure

Mouse

Cortical mRNA

6 hrs

[102]

Excitotoxic lesion (NMDA)

Rat

Gray matter surrounding the lesion

[103]

Status epilepticus

Rat

Hippocampal

1–3 weeks

[104]

Kainic acid or deafferentation-induced neurodegeneration

Rat

Reactive microglia, mRNA

[105, 106]

Spinal cord Contusion

Rat

Spinal cord mRNA

0.25–10 days

[107]

Penetrating brain Injury

Rat

Perilesional activated glia, meningeal cells, choroid plexus mRNA and protein

1–14 days

[108, 109]

Experimentally induced glaucoma

Monkey

Optic nerve head protein

Chronic

[110]

Autoimmune Disease

Multiple Sclerosis

Human

CSF protein; Mononuclear cells from blood and CSF, mRNA; Serum protein during relapses; Peri-lesional hypertrophic astrocytes, protein

Chronic

[111-114]

Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalitis

Mouse

Spinal cord mRNA

Chronic

[115]

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis

Rat

Spinal cord T-cell, monocyte, and microglia mRNA

Acute

[116]

Guillan-Barré Syndrome

Human

Serum and circulating monocyte protein

Plateau phase

[117, 118]

Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis

Rat

Macrophage, microglia, meningeal cells, and T-cell infiltrates

Acute

[116, 119]

Infection

CMV encephalitis

Human/mouse

Astrocyte mRNA

5-13d after infection

[120]

ME7 scrapie model

Mouse

Brain mRNA

[121]

Bacterial Meningitis

Rat Human

CSF cellular mRNA CSF protein Brain mRNA, CSF protein

Acute

[122-124]

Brain Abscess

Human

Peri-abscess and abscess extracellular matrix protein

Chronic

[125]