Table 1 CCR and CCL molecules in plaques, blood and CSF of MS patients. This Table summarizes in a cross-sectional manner major findings regarding CCR and CCL expression in brain, blood and CSF of multiple sclerosis patients. The dynamic nature of changes is detailed in the text. The interactions of CCL-CCR molecules on specific cell types are depicted in Figure 1. Type II and III lesions refer to the histological classification proposed by Lucchinetti et al [45]. References are indicated in brackets.
From: Involvement of β-chemokines in the development of inflammatory demyelination
In chronic active plaque expressed on | In blood expressed on | In CSF expressed on | |
|---|---|---|---|
CCR1 | Monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte [39,41,42] | ||
CCR2 | Monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte [39-42] | TH2 in SPMS [54] | |
CCR3 | Monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte [39-42] | ||
CCR4 | Monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte [39] | ||
CCR5 | Monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte [39-42] | TH1/TH0 in RRMS [42, 52-54] | MNC [39,55,58] |
CCR7 | T, dendritic [58] | ||
CCR8 | Macrophage, microglia in type II and III lesions [19] | ||
In early -> late stage type II lesion | |||
CCR1+/CCR5+ -> CCR1-/CCR5+ Monocyte, macrophage [43] | |||
CCR1-/CCR5- -> CCR1-/CCR5+ Microglia [43] | |||
In acute, and to lesser degrees, in chronic active plaques expressed by | In blood expressed by | In CSF | |
CCL2 | Astrocyte, microglia, MNC [46] | low in relapse [59,61,63,64] | |
CCL3 | Astrocyte, microglia, macrophage [47-49] | increased in relapse [59-61] | |
CCL4 | Microglia, macrophage [47-49] | MNC [56] | |
CCL5 | MNC, astrocyte [48-50] | MNC [56] | increased in relapse [59-61] |
CCL7 | Astrocyte, microglia, MNC [46] | ||
CCL8 | Astrocyte, microglia, MNC [46] | ||
CCL19 | present in NIND, increased in MS, CIS-ON, IND [67] | ||
CCL21 | increased in MS, CIS-ON, IND [67] | ||