Figure 5

FLZ inhibites LPS-induced production of proinflammatory factors and their gene expression in microglia. The effects of FLZ on LPS-induced production of TNF-α, NO, and PGE₂ (A, C, E, respectively) or TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNA expression (B, D, F, respectively) and the production of superoxide (G), and intracellular ROS (H) are shown. Enriched microglia cells were treated with different concentrations of FLZ or with vehicle for 1 h before addition of 2 ng/ml LPS. For mRNA analysis, total RNA was harvested 3 h after LPS treatment, followed by real-time RT-PCR analysis of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2 and GAPDH using specific primers. The data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. for three independent experiments, each performed with triplicate samples. ## p < 0.01 and ### p < 0.001 compared with vehicle-treated control cultures; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 compared to LPS treatment group.