Figure 1

Exacerbated cytokine production in Ccl2 -/- astrocyte supernatant in response to LPS. Levels of inflammatory mediators were measured by multiplex assay in astrocyte supernatants following incubation for 8 h with LPS (0-100 μg/ml). Production of IL-6 and TNF (a and b), as well as the chemokines CXCL1, CCL3 and CCL5 (c, d and e), was increased in response to LPS stimulation (p < 0.001, 2-way ANOVA effect of concentration), and was exacerbated in Ccl2-/- astrocyte cultures compared to wild-type (p < 0.01; 2-way ANOVA effect of strain). The hash symbol (#) represents post-hoc analysis of differences between cytokine/chemokine levels at increasing LPS concentrations (# p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01), whilst stars (*) annotate post-hoc analysis of differences between strains (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). Data represent mean + sem of three separate experiments assayed in duplicate. Spnt = supernatant.