Figure 9
From: IL-17A is increased in the serum and in spinal cord CD8 and mast cells of ALS patients
Putative model of autoimmune inflammation in the ALS spinal cord. Neurons, astrocytes and microglia induce chemokines when stimulated by aggregated superoxide dismutase 1. The chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL3 and CCL2) and leukotrienes attract monocytes to the neuropil. Aggregated SOD-1 stimulates macrophages and microglia to produce tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and GM-CSF, which stimulate T cells to produce IL-23 and other cytokines. The cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL20 and IL-23 polarize T cells and mast cells to produce IL-17A.