Figure 1

Serum cytokine levels in different seizure patients. (A-D) Mean serum cytokine levels of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-α (C), and HMGB1 (D) in afebrile control (N = 7), afebrile seizure (sz) attacks in generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus patients (GEFSP) (N = 6), afebrile status epilepticus (SE) attacks in intractable epilepsy patients (N = 12), febrile controls without seizures (N = 41), First febrile seizure attack (FS) patients (N = 28) and recurrent FS attack patients (N = 13). (A) IL-1β levels are significantly high in both groups of afebrile SE and recurrent FS. (B) IL-6 levels are significantly high in the groups of first FS and recurrent FS (all, p < 0.05). (C and D) The trends toward high serum levels of TNF-α and HMGB1 in afebrile SE patients and recurrent FS patients, were statistically not significant (p = 0.06 and p = 0.11, respectively). Error bar, standard error of mean.