Figure 4

GBM innate and adaptive immunity. Cytokines and chemokines produced by tumor cells are indicated to alter the tumor suppressive functions of innate immune cells (natural killer cell, microglia, neutrophil, mast cell) thereby creating a microenvironment that is conducive to tumor development. Immune activators associated with allergy/asthma (IL-4, IL-13, CD23:CD21 ligation, IgE, TLR ligands) induce the recruitment and activation of immune cells (mast cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells), the suppression of CD4+ Treg development, tumor rejection, and enhanced host survival (see text for additional details).