Figure 1

LPS stimulates activation of JAK/STAT, c-jun and NFкB signaling pathways and release of proinflammatory cytokines from glial cells. Stimulation of glial cells with LPS (100 ng/ml) enhanced the expression of TNFα mRNA at 30 minutes (A; ^* P < 0.05;ANOVA; n = 3), release of TNFα at 1 h (B, see inset; ^* P < 0.05; Student t-test for independent means; n = 3), IL-1β mRNA expression at 1 h (C; ^** P < 0.01; ANOVA; n = 3), IL-1β release at 3 h (D; ^* P < 0.05; ANOVA; n = 3), IL-6 mRNA expression at 2 h (E; ^* P < 0.05; ANOVA; n = 3) and IL-6 release at 4 h (F; ^*** P < 0.001; ANOVA; n = 3). Sample immunoblots (representative of three separate experiments) indicate that expression of phosphorylated-IκB, -c-jun, -JAK2 and STAT1 were all enhanced in glial cells incubated with LPS for 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes (G). Expression of phosphorylated JAK1 was unchanged in cells that were treated with LPS (H).