Table 2 Pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules expressed by glia and neurons

Microglia

Soluble factors

TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β [16–19];

IL-4, IL-10, IFN-β, TGF-β [16–19];

CXCL1,2,12, CCL2,5,10,19 [42];

BDNF, GDNF [42];

Glutamate; NO, ATP [16–19]

TIMPs [43]

MMPs [43]; Complements [18, 44];

HMGB1, heat-shock proteins [25, 45–47]

Membrane proteins

TLRs, RAGE, LFA-1, MAC-1, CRs, FcRβ [16–19, 21, 25, 45–47]

CD45, CD91, CD200R, CD172a [18, 48]; CX₃CR1 [49]; TREM-2 [50]; FasL, Fas [38, 39]

Astrocytes

Soluble factors

TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β [10, 20, 22] CXCL1,2,12, CCL2,5,10,19 [20, 42];

IL-4, IL-10, IFN-β, TGF-β [10, 20, 22] Proteoglycans [51, 52];

Glutamate; NO, ATP; MMPs [10, 20, 22]; Complements [18, 20, 44] HMGB1, heat-shock proteins [25, 45–47]

BDNF, GDNF [42, 53, 54]; TIMPs [43]

Membrane proteins

TLRs, RAGE, ICAM-1, CRs [21, 25, 46]

FasL [37, 38], Complement inhibitors [20]

Neurons

Soluble factors

CXCL10, CCL21 [8, 23, 42];

TGF-β [27, 28]; CX₃CL1 [49, 55];

Glutamate, dopamine [23];

GABA [56, 57]; VIP [58, 59]; NE

NO, ATP; Substance P [23]; MMPs [43]; HMGB1, heat-shock proteins [25, 45–47]

[60, 61];

Proteoglycans [51, 52];

NGF, BDNF, NT3, GDNF, CNTF [42, 53, 54]

Membrane proteins

TLRs [21]

CD22 [62], CD47 [63, 64], CD200 [48], ICAM-5 [65, 66], FasL [37, 38]