Table 2 Pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules expressed by glia and neurons
From: Neuroimmune crosstalk in the central nervous system and its significance for neurological diseases
| Properties | Promotion of inflammation | Inhibition of inflammation |
|---|---|---|
| Microglia | ||
| Soluble factors | TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β [16–19]; | IL-4, IL-10, IFN-β, TGF-β [16–19]; |
| CXCL1,2,12, CCL2,5,10,19 [42]; | BDNF, GDNF [42]; | |
| Glutamate; NO, ATP [16–19] | TIMPs [43] | |
| MMPs [43]; Complements [18, 44]; | ||
| HMGB1, heat-shock proteins [25, 45–47] | ||
| Membrane proteins | TLRs, RAGE, LFA-1, MAC-1, CRs, FcRβ [16–19, 21, 25, 45–47] | CD45, CD91, CD200R, CD172a [18, 48]; CX3CR1 [49]; TREM-2 [50]; FasL, Fas [38, 39] |
| Astrocytes | ||
| Soluble factors | TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β [10, 20, 22] CXCL1,2,12, CCL2,5,10,19 [20, 42]; | IL-4, IL-10, IFN-β, TGF-β [10, 20, 22] Proteoglycans [51, 52]; |
| Glutamate; NO, ATP; MMPs [10, 20, 22]; Complements [18, 20, 44] HMGB1, heat-shock proteins [25, 45–47] | BDNF, GDNF [42, 53, 54]; TIMPs [43] | |
| Membrane proteins | TLRs, RAGE, ICAM-1, CRs [21, 25, 46] | FasL [37, 38], Complement inhibitors [20] |
| Neurons | ||
| Soluble factors | CXCL10, CCL21 [8, 23, 42]; | TGF-β [27, 28]; CX3CL1 [49, 55]; |
| Glutamate, dopamine [23]; | GABA [56, 57]; VIP [58, 59]; NE | |
| NO, ATP; Substance P [23]; MMPs [43]; HMGB1, heat-shock proteins [25, 45–47] | [60, 61]; | |
| Proteoglycans [51, 52]; | ||
| NGF, BDNF, NT3, GDNF, CNTF [42, 53, 54] | ||
| Membrane proteins | TLRs [21] | CD22 [62], CD47 [63, 64], CD200 [48], ICAM-5 [65, 66], FasL [37, 38] |