Figure 5

R/M hypoglycemia induces cognitive impairment in diabetic rats. STZ induced impairment in spatial learning and memory by increasing the path length traveled in the BM test (*: sham/saline vs. sham/STZ: P < 0.05; #: R/M-HG/saline vs. R/M-HG/STZ: P < 0.01). R/M hypoglycemia (R/M-HG) induced spatial learning and memory impairment only in the diabetic (*: R/M-HG/STZ vs. sham/STZ: P < 0.05), but not in non-diabetic rats (R/M-HG/saline vs. sham/saline: P = 0.65) (A). Diabetes but not R/M-HG reduced overall locomotor activity as evidenced by reduced total distance traveled (B), total active time (C) and vertical activity in rearing (D). Similarly, diabetes but not R/M-HG altered exploratory behavior by reducing activity in the center zone (Z2) of an open field (E, F) (D1, D2, and D3 = Day1, Day2, and Day3). Post-hoc analysis suggests that there are significant differences between R/M-HG/saline and R/M-HG/STZ in total distance (labeled as & in B), total active time (labeled as * in C), rearing events (labeled as & in D), Z2 distance (labeled as % in E) and Z2 total time (labeled as * in F). There were also significant differences between sham/saline and sham/STZ in total distance (# in B), rearing events (& in D), Z2 distance (# in E) and Z2 total time (* in F). *: P < 0.05, #: P < 0.01, %: P < 0.005, and &: P < 0.001.