Fig. 4

Ultrastructural characteristics of acute DAI within the micro pig thalamus are consistent with human DAI. Representative electron micrographs of axonal swellings labeled with (a–e) or without (f) APP (white arrows). a–e Consistent with ultrastructural axonal pathology in humans, APP+ proximal axonal swellings in the pig following central fluid percussion injury display clumped disordered neurofilaments (black arrows) and areas of organelle accumulation (asterisks). f Distal axonal swellings, lacking APP labeling, demonstrate characteristics consistent with Wallerian degeneration, including, vacuolization (V) and lucent zones surrounding aspects of the swelling indicating axolemmal or myelin disruption (L). Scale bar b–e: 2 μm