Fig. 5

Cytokine levels in the hippocampus and plasma following late prenatal immune activation. a Cytokine levels in the hippocampus (HPC) of pubescent, adult, and aged offspring born to poly(I:C)-exposed (POL) and control (CON) mothers. ⁺ P < 0.01, reflecting the significant difference between IL-4 levels in aged (CON or POL) offspring and pubescent or adult (CON or POL) offspring, based on Fisher’s least significant (LSD) post hoc tests following the presence of a significant main effect of age (F _(2,54) = 9.18, P < 0.001). ^# P < 0.05, reflecting the significant difference between TNF-α levels in pubescent (CON or POL) offspring and adult (CON or POL) offspring, based on Fisher’s least significant (LSD) post hoc tests following the presence of a significant main effect of age (F _(2,54) = 3.19, P < 0.05). b Plasma cytokine levels in pubescent, adult, and aged CON and POL offspring. ^§ P < 0.001, reflecting the significant difference between IL-4 levels in aged (CON or POL) offspring and pubescent or adult (CON or POL) offspring, based on Fisher’s least significant (LSD) post hoc tests following the presence of a significant main effect of age (F _(2,54) = 37.96, P < 0.001). N = 10 in each group and age for each measurement; all values are means ± s.e.m.