Fig. 1

Effect of TDZ on astrocyte proliferation and on an experimental inflammation model. a, b Human astrocytes were treated with medium alone (control), or different concentrations of TDZ (1 nM-10 μM), or FLUOX (10 μM) or 5-HT (10 μM) for 24 h (a) or 72 h (b). At the end of the treatments, cell proliferation was measured by MTS assay. The data are expressed as percentages relative to untreated cells (control), which were set at 100 %, and represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA-Tukey HSD post hoc test. c Human astrocytes were treated with 50 μg/ml LPS and 50 ng/ml TNF-α for different time periods (2–24 h). d, e Human astrocytes were treated with different concentrations of TDZ (1 nM-10 μM), or FLUOX (10 μM) or 5-HT (10 μM) for 24 h (d) or 72 h (e); after drug removal, cells were incubated with 50 μg/ml LPS and 50 ng/ml TNF-α for an additional 24 h. At the end of treatment, cell proliferation was measured by MTS assay. The data are expressed as percentages relative to untreated cells (control), which were set at 100 %, and represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA-Tukey HSD post hoc test: **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.001 vs. control; ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001 vs. cells treated with LPS-TNF-α