Fig. 3

M1 to M2a phenotype conversion of microglia does not perturb their phagocytic function but does reduce the production of reactive species. a–e The phagocytic capacity of BV2 microglia was assayed by the ability of the cells to phagocytose phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated latex beads (red) after treatment with LPS (100 ng/ml) in the presence or the absence of IL-4 (10 ng/ml) and db-cyclic AMP (1 mM) added alone or simultaneously 15 min prior to activation and incubated for 24 h post-treatment. Co-staining for nuclei (Hoechst, blue) and the cytoplasm (phalloidin-488, green) was employed to demark cell morphology. Scale bar = 12 μm. f. Quantitative analysis of PE-bead uptake. g, h Measurements of nitrite concentration (g) or reactive oxygen species (h) in cell lysates from untreated and treated groups were measured at 24 h post-stimulus with conditions inducing the pro-inflammatory or the anti-inflammatory state as mentioned above. Statistical significance indicated at ***p < 0.001 or *p < 0.05 versus untreated controls or ^### p < 0.001, ^## p < 0.01, or ^# p < 0.05 versus LPS-only-treated controls. Results are shown from five independent culture replicates