Fig. 2

Human brain IL-18 immunoreactivity (IR). a–b Control white matter (Wm; a) and gray matter (Gm; b) showing the absence of detectable labeling. c Cortical specimen of a patient with viral encephalitis (herpes simplex encephalitis) with strong IR in astrocytes (arrows in c and inset). d, e Dentate gyrus (DG) of control (d) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS, e) showing increased expression in HS; inset in e shows positive astrocytes; arrows); gcl granular cell layer, ml molecular layer. f–h TSC specimens (cortical tuber) showing IL-18-positive reactive astrocytes (arrows in f; Wm) and giant cells (arrows in g and h). Microglia in (e, f). Sections are counterstained with hematoxylin. Scale bar in h, a–b: 80 μm; d–e: 160 μm; f–h: 40 μm