Fig. 1

Oral andrographolide inhibited LPS-mediated C-C and C-X-C chemokines in mouse cortex. a Structure of andrographolide: 3-[2-[decahydro-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-1-napthalenyl]ethylidene]dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone (CAS no. 5508-58-7). b Mouse LPS treatment regimen with three intraperitoneal LPS injections (3 mg/kg per injection) over 24 h, with andrographolide (25 or 50 mg/kg) administered by oral gavage 1 h after each LPS injection, and animals sacrificed 5 h after the last injection for collection of brain. c Bar graphs showing mean ± SEM concentrations of various chemokines (in pg/mg total brain protein) in the cortex of control mice (injections with PBS and gavage with PEG vehicle); LPS only (LPS injections and gavage with vehicle); LPS + 25 mg/kg andrographolide; and LPS + 50 mg/kg andrographolide (N = 7–9 animals per group). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. n.s. not significant (p > 0.05) for multiple pair-wise comparisons (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc tests)