Fig. 3

Inhibitors of NF-κB or JNK attenuated LPS-induced chemokine mRNA up-regulation in astrocytes. Various concentrations of TPCK (NF-κB inhibitor, left panels) or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor, right panels) were added to rat primary astrocytes in culture media 1 h before LPS stimulation (100 ng/mL), then incubated for a further 12 h before processing for RT-PCR. Bar graphs are mean ± SEM transcript fold-changes, with control levels set at 1 for N = 3 independent assays. All raw transcript values have been normalized to mean expression of housekeeping genes (see Methods) prior to conversion to fold-change values. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. n.s. not significant (p > 0.05) for multiple pair-wise comparisons (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc tests)